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22 June 2018, Volume 32 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Application of Trench Cutting and Re-Mixing Method in Urban Transit Projects JIANG Ying1, HE Zhenhua1, LIU Hua1， HUANG Wei2 2018, 32 (3):  239-242.  Abstract ( 1112 )   Save The open cut excavation has been frequently used in the rail transit projects as a commonly applied construction method due to it fast construction and applicability to a wide variety of geological conditions. As a supporting structure for the open cut excavation, the TrenchCutting& Remixing Deep (TRD) Wall Method has the advantages over other conventional excavation supporting methods, such as, slurry wall, SoilCement Mixing Wall (SMW), and tangent pile castinplace concrete pile wall. This paper presents a case history of the transit excavation project in the regional light rail S1 Line in Wenzhou. All four excavation supporting construction methods were compared. It was concluded that the TRD method is applicable to the thick soft soil strata and this method has the advantage of reliable, cost effective and fast construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pile-Raft Foundation Optimization Analysis of Shanghai Tower ZENG Chaojie1,2 2018, 32 (3):  243-247.  Abstract ( 893 )   Save The Shanghai Tower is the highest building in China.  The rigid reinforced concrete column frame and core tube structure system consists of only 20% of the total area (core tube part) but it carries over 40% of the total upper structure load. The variable foundation stiffness approach was applied with piles of variable length at correspondent locations. The structure design was performed with commercial software “Super Star Foundation Strength and Deformation” by implementing the user-defined variable Winkler coefficient iteration subroutine program with Mindlin theory for medium to thick concrete plates. The results indicated that a fast convergent can be obtained and the variable footing stiffness by installing variable lengths of piles can effective adjust the differential stress and deformations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and Application of Reinforced Trestle Bridge in Deep Excavations in Soft Soils LIU Chen1, QIU Jianjin1, TAN Qirun2, JIA Haiyun2, CHEN Wei3, ZHENG Haitao3, SHEN Donger4 2018, 32 (3):  248-250.  Abstract ( 1103 )   Save Due to the increasing improvement of the underground space utilization, the deep excavation using the reinforced concrete support is more and more popular. As a result, the excavation and transportation waste soils are also increasingly difficult. Therefore, the trestle bridges that for the waste soil transportation have become an integral part deep excavation support design process. The Hongshuwan real estate large area and depth deep excavation case history is presented in this paper. This site had constrained excavation area and sensitive adjacent surrounding environment. A reinforced concrete temporary trestle bridge was designed to improve the waste soil transportation efficiency. The trestle bridge was analyzed by using the same approach for the design of reinforced concrete slab in the frame structure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deep Excavation Support Using Soil Mixed Wall with Hot Rolled Steel Beams in Foshan Region XIAO Rongjun 2018, 32 (3):  251-255.  Abstract ( 587 )   Save The Deep Excavation Support using Soil Mixed Wall (SWM) with Hot Rolled Steel Beam Method combines the advantage of seepage stopping of SWM wall and high bending resistance and receives a wide application in the urban foundation excavation projects. It has the features of cost effective, shorter construction periods, better seepage resistance and less impact to the adjacent environment. In addition to the suitable range, this paper investigates the reasons that this deep excavation support method has a slower application in Foshan region. In the case history, the bending moments, shear stress and deformation in the soil mixed columns were analyzed. Results from the analytical method in reference 6, numerical method using Lizheng commercial software and construction monitored data were compared. The following results can be concluded: 1)the internal stresses obtained in three different approach are consistent indicating that both methods can characterize the performance of the SMW elements; 2)this method can be applied in sandy peaty soft soils in Foshan region for deep excavation of one or two stories of underground spaces. This method has economical, social and environmental advantages and suit for the need of Foshan construction market. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Pine Timber Piles at the Bottom of Cofferdams XIE Lanfang, LIN Yang 2018, 32 (3):  256-259.  Abstract ( 1175 )   Save The submerged pine timber gains the reputation of “lasting for thousands of years” and it is well suited for the applications of under groundwater conditions that can minimize the deterioration caused by the bacteria attacking. The timber pile also has the advantages of fast construction, simply application and cost effective and it has been used for many years. This paper presents a case of timber pile applying in as the foundation treatment for a cofferdam in a soil improvement project in Nansha, Guangdong province. After timber pile treatment, both the combined modulus and the bearing capacity of the mucky soil within the cofferdam were improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bearing Capacity and Optimization of Design Parameters for Post-Grouted Piles in Rounded Gravels JIN Zongchuan 2018, 32 (3):  260-263.  Abstract ( 903 )   Save This paper presents a case history of post grout of cast in place reinforced concrete pile tip in rounded gravel soil layers. The design parameters of pile are optimized throughout the comparison between static loading tests and theoretical analysis. The range capacity increase coefficients at the tip of pile and pile shaft portion after the post grout can be obtained from the load test results. The optimized parameters in the post grout, such as, amount of grouting slurry, grouting pressure, flow rate can also be obtained. It is concluded that the better grouting results with high axial capacity should have low pressure slow grouting flow rate and multiple grouting for the same pile. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and Development of Cellular Sheet Pile Cofferdams in Non-Dredged Reefs HU Qiang1， LI Jinhui2， SONG Lei2， ZHANG Jie3 2018, 32 (3):  264-267.  Abstract ( 735 )   Save With the rapid development of offshore engineering, the construction of offshore infrastructure must meet the requirement of harsh conditions, such as, high marine water table, strong wave, fast flow and soft soils. With the increasing attention in protecting the marine environment and resources, it has a need to find a better construction technology to overcome the adverse conditions. The nondredge cellular sheet pile cofferdam is an excellent alternate to meet that requirements which was used in Hong Kong boundary crossing facilities reclamation work. The backfill material of the cofferdam is the construction waste fill rather than the conventional marine sand which means that it not only saves the cost of the engineering but also gives an effective method to treat the urban construction waste. The study of cellular sheet pile cofferdam is rare in China. It is often to refer the experience and criterion of foreign countries.In this study, it is concluded that the theory of the cellular sheet pile cofferdam is not fit to the design of nondredge cellular sheet pile cofferdam. Related Articles | Metrics

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Environmental Impact of the Jacking of a New Type of Large Diameter Pipe WANG Hongtao 2018, 32 (3):  268-272.  Abstract ( 657 )   Save This paper presents a case history of the jacking of a new type of large diameter prestressed concrete cylindrical pipe (PCCP). The PCCP was instrumented with soil pressure cell, pore water pressure gauge, slope inclinometers and extensometers to measure the earth pressure changes, excessive pore pressure and horizontal as well as vertical deformation during the pipe jacking. The instrumentation results can be used in the pipe jacking optimization design. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deformation of the Electrical Utility Tunnel Induced by the Adjacent Zoned Deep Excavation in Soft Soils WANG Guoquan1， YANG Lanqiang1， JIANG Ying2 2018, 32 (3):  273-278.  Abstract ( 761 )   Save A deep excavation is required adjacent to a highlevel protected electricity utility tunnel in soft soils of Ningbo City. The excavation adopts the scheme of partition construction to control the influence of foundation pit deformation. By using MIDAS GTS NX, a 3D model of excavation adjacent the electricity utility tunnel was established by using the staged analytical model of excavation. The deformation results in supporting piles, surrounding soils as well as in the electricity utility tunnel during various stages of excavation were obtained. Compared with the measured results, it is concluded that zoned construction technique could help reducing the deformations in the deep excavations in soft soils. The HSM soil constitutive model was used to in the analysis to accurately reflect the stressstrain relationship of soft soils. The deformation effects of excavation on adjacent electricity utility tunnel were consistent with the monitored data. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of a Deep Slurry Wall under 110 kV High Voltage Lines NIU Yongbao 2018, 32 (3):  278-280.  Abstract ( 668 )   Save City light rail lines are usually located in the urban area with densely distributed underground and aerial utilities. As a result, the utility relocation work somewhat is a critical factor that impact the light rail construction cost and schedule. If light rail alignment can be optimized to minimize the utility relocation, the construction schedule, the investment cost as well as the disturbance to the adjacent environment will be reduced. This paper presents a case history of underground slurry wall for the standard station of a Metro project. The innovative design and construction methods, such as “optimization of wall segment”, “piecewise lifting” and “piecewise translational lifting”, were used in the project. A 39 meters long deep slurry wall underneath the 110 kV high voltage power line with a net clearance limit of 9.8 meters was successfully constructed within the planned construction schedule. The slurry wall construction was also minimize the utility relocation and was proved as cost effective.   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Non-destruction Underground Pipeline Rehabilitation Technology in the Dianchi Lake Basin YANG Li， ZHOU Lei 2018, 32 (3):  281-284.  Abstract ( 560 )   Save For existing underground structures that could not be replaced with new ones under opencut, the rehabilitation can only be performed throughout the nonexcavation piled methods. However, due to the soft and highly compressible organic peat soil layer in the Dianchi Lake basin area, its special physical and chemical properties of subsurface soil prevents the applying of soilcement column method since the soil particles cannot effectively harden by the introduction of the cement slurries. Further, the organic peat soil turns into plastic paste when the water is encountered. Therefore, the soilcement method cannot be applied. To rehabilitate the defected municipal underground utility pipes in Dianchi Lake area, the isolation walls and columns formed by the jet grout method was proposed throughout the trial test in organic peat soils. The result by this improvement was prove to be satisfactory. Related Articles | Metrics

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Foundation Settlement Evaluation and Design of a Supporting Structure for a Large Span Bridge Foundation ZHANG Hongsong, HU Jianwei， DENG Xuedeng 2018, 32 (3):  285-288.  Abstract ( 675 )   Save This paper presents a case history of the foundation construction of the supporting structure for a TGirder railway bridge. The settlement of the pipe pile supported pile caps are investigated. The pile settlement at bridge piers are analyzed and the improvement measures are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of Karstic Rock Cavity Along the Guangzhou-QingyuanExpressway Alignment LI Junjie 2018, 32 (3):  289-292.  Abstract ( 536 )   Save The topographic between Station K2+890 and K36+200 in the widening of GuangzhouQingyuan Expressway line is plain underlying with shallow buried kart terrain. The average overburden soil thickness is 15 meters. The rock cavities are well developed in this area with a rate of cavity of 62.8%. The rock cavities, pinnacles, dimension of rock cavity and soil filling information encountered in each borehole are statistically analyzed to characterize the karst features. The information was input into a database software so that different parameters can be rapidly extracted for the rock analysis and other design and construction purposes. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Design and Analysis of a Beam Pedestal for the Prefabricated Beam Plant on Soft Grounds HE Xin 2018, 32 (3):  293-296.  Abstract ( 660 )   Save The settlement of the pedestal and the differential settlement between pedestals of a precast beam fabrication site on soft soils were analyzed by the commercial finite element software MIDAS GTS.  A total of three different site subsurface conditions were compared. Combining with engineering experience, the analysis results show that the system of beam base (pedestal) on both ends with “quasi” pile foundation, beam middle beam (at the bottom of the pedestal) with expand the foundation of “rigid + soft” design on the base of settlement control and ensure the quality of precast beam effect is better. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Millisecond Blasting in a High Rock Slope Near the Residential Community LI Zhitang, WEN Laisheng, SUN Jiangtao, TAN Bosheng, ZENG Chuntao, WU Zhibin 2018, 32 (3):  297-300.  Abstract ( 747 )   Save A high rock slope of a highway under construction was very close to a residential community and was close to another state highway. To avoid the adverse effects of blasting on the nearby residents, buildings (structures) and the traffic safety of the live state highway, an innovative idea of “larger blasting quantity per blast and fewer blasting times” was proposed. By using the digital electronic detonator, the millisecond blasting technique was used to achieve the quick and safe blasting of the rock slope. The monitoring results of the residential community showed that the technology was within the standard safety limits for the residential vibrations. With a safe effect of the blasting, the surrounding environment safety as well as construction schedule were warranted. Related Articles | Metrics

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Field Test and Monitoring a Rocky Slope Stabilization with New Materials in Bio-Engineering ZHOU Cuiying1,3, YANG Xu1,3, HE Shaomiao2,3， LIU Zhen1,3， LIANG Yanhao1,3 2018, 32 (3):  301-308.  Abstract ( 764 )   Save This paper presents a case history the bioengineering method by implementing a new material with better functions for the stabilization of a rock slope site, which was selected in the backside campus of Longcheng Secondary Vocational College. The bioengineering slope stabilization construction methods and new bioengineering materials are introduced in the paper. The test site had a comparison groups to monitor the effect of new bioengineering material with site environment the vegetation growing, and soil properties. After the six months monitoring, the following results were observed: After applying the new material on the top soils, the vegetation germination rates and time were improved; both the stems and roots of the vegetation grew more rapidly to enhance the slope erosion resistance and shallow soil stability. After applying the new material, the soil property monitoring results indicate the pH value at the slope was between 7.0 and 7.5. Temperature in the soil increased average of 0.56 Celsius degrees in the cloudy and rainy days and decreased average 0.3 Celsius degrees at the sunny days in summer. The soil activity organic content and electrical conductivity developed by 31% and 11.5% respectively; the soil oxygen content increased by 2% while the soil carbondioxide content decreased by 30.6%. Moreover, the degree of soil compaction declined by 27.6%. The new bioengineering material can improve the rocky slope stability with cost effective and environmental friendly advantages. It can improve the moisture and thermal activities of top soil and enhance the vegetation growth. Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite Element Analysis of Elastic Piles by m Method WANG Yan 2018, 32 (3):  309-313.  Abstract ( 917 )   Save This paper presents a numerical method of calculating the response of elastic pile subjected to the lateral and axial compressive loadings. A new C1 continuous two node pile element formulation, which is based on a displacement formulation, is developed by using the assumptions of conventional beam theory and Winkler elastic foundation. Based on the incremental form of the virtual work, the element stiffness matrix can be derived. The interaction between the pile and the surrounding soil is modeled as a EulerBernoulli beam with the distributed lateral springs. The proposed method simulates the laterally loaded pile response more accurately than that of the conventional discrete element model using elementend springs to represent the surrounding soils. A good agreement is obtained between the numerical results of the current element and the reference solutions. The proposed analytical methodology gives an exact solution at the nodes even for a coarse mesh. Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional Modeling of Highway Slopes CAI Jianhui 2018, 32 (3):  314-317.  Abstract ( 902 )   Save The stability of different types of highway slopes are studied by considering the three-dimensional topography; soil strata to be cut, construction measures; instrumentation probes; effect of highway bridges and tunnels; as well as groundwater table. The threedimensional visualized slope analysis information database was established by based on the weathered zone and soilrock interface along highway alignment. The paper introduces the application of the databased in the mitigation of landslides along FuNing Expressway. The database provided the information platform that integrating the highway geology, slope cut and construction as well as monitoring. Related Articles | Metrics

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Arching Effect of the Pile Frames and Its Numerical Simulations QIU Zhihua1,2 2018, 32 (3):  318-321.  Abstract ( 654 )   Save It is generally known that the soil arching effect exists in soils behind the multirowed pile frames. Since the twodimensional plane analysis method might not accurately reflect the soil arching effect among between piles in landslide mitigation projects, the threedimensional finite element model for different pile spacings were established by the finite element method using ABAQUS program with parameters calibrated with laboratory test results. The possible soil arching effect influence factors, such as, magnitude of uniform distributed loads, pile spacing and row distance, are discussed. The optimized pile and frame row spacings were obtained to guide the design and construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Backfill Modulus on the Steel Corrugated Culverts CHEN Xiaoqing 2018, 32 (3):  322-325.  Abstract ( 653 )   Save Throughout the numerical simulation, this paper analyzed the stress distributions and deformation properties of the steel corrugated culvert under different fill stiffness to obtain the stress and strain curves of the culvert crown at various locations and the measurement points of the entire sections. The results indicate that, the deformation modes of the steel corrugate culvert under different backfill stiffness are similar. With the increase of backfill modulus, the deformation of the steel corrugate culvert is significantly reduced and the stress in the upper part of the crown is slightly decreased. When the backfill modulus increased to a certain value both the deformation and the stress in the steel corrugate culvert remain constant values. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Influence Factors of the Longitudinal Deformation of a Metro Shielded Tunnel ZHAO Fang 2018, 32 (3):  326-329.  Abstract ( 859 )   Save The ground subsidence is often observed during the shielded excavation of tunnels and excessive ground settlement will adversely affect the structural safety and the operation of the metro tunnels. This paper presents the factors that affecting the longitudinal deformation of the tunnel in the various stages of construction under different geotechnical conditions by the shielded excavation. The conclusions can be applied in the ground subsidence control. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation in the Risk-Assessment of Single Landslide PAN Xiaocheng1, NIE Rongsun2, LUO Haoyang1,3 2018, 32 (3):  330-334.  Abstract ( 693 )   Save This paper first establishes a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of a single landslide risk by selecting ten disasterinducing factors and five disasterbearing factors. By evaluating risk of the Songjiapo landslide in Shennongjia Forest Region, it is concluded that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of a single landslide risk is feasible in the practical applications. One of the disadvantage of the comprehensive evaluation model is that the degree of risk in the single landslide cannot obtain sufficient information for the risk management. This paper also establishes the matrices of the degree of risk and risk management, the row of the matrix reflects hazard and the column of the matrix represents the consequence. Every element in the matrix has correspondent degree of risk and management plan. By combining the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model with matrices of degree of risk and risk management, both the degree of risk for the Songjiapo landslide and the risk management plan can be obtained. Related Articles | Metrics

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Index and Compressibility Properties of Xiamen Completely Weathered Granitic Residual Soils XU Liming 2018, 32 (3):  335-337.  Abstract ( 737 )   Save The geotechnical properties of the undisturbed completely weathered granitic residual soils at a metro station in Xiamen were statistically analyzed. The conventional regression methods were applied in establishing relationships among the index properties (moisture content, void ratio and unit weight) and compressibility of residual soils. The correlations formulations and their correlation coefficients are also presented in the paper. The results indicate that, using the index properties for the estimation of compressibility have some reliability, but the influence of the structural strength of the completely weathered granitic residual soils should also be considered. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Controlled Release of Shallow Buried Toxic Gas in an River Crossing Railway Tunnel CAI Shouzhi1, HU Feng1, DU Yunguo2， GOU Changfei2 2018, 32 (3):  338-342.  Abstract ( 739 )   Save The distribution, vertical and horizontal limits, pressure as well as flow rate of the shallow buried toxic gas along the alignment of a regional railway was quantified in the preliminary subsurface investigations. A trial toxic gas release test section was set up between tunnel station DK51+661 and DK51+709 to verify the design parameters, such as safe distance for the gas release boreholes, safe pressure limits, gas flow rate and ground subsidence information. The results of the trial test section would provide valuable information for the tunnel design and construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bearing Capacity Determination of Medium Weathered Limestone Using Plate Load Tests ZHANG Zhen 2018, 32 (3):  343-345.  Abstract ( 1872 )   Save The bearing capacity of medium weathered limestone bearing stratum is one of the important parameters in the foundation engineering. The existing local experience indicates that a significant difference in bearing capacity in the medium weathered limestone between the recommended value in the geotechnical investigation report and the actual value. The Guizhou Provincial Geological Information and Geology Museum project site was on the medium weathered limestone stratum. The local experience and geotechnical investigation recommended bearing capacity range was 3 000 to 4 000 kPa. The bearing capacity value derived from the compressive strength on intact rock core samples and integrity tests by using acoustic wave method was 6,000kPa. The most reliable plate load tests were performed for verifying and optimizing the bearing capacity value. The plate load test results indicated that, among three test points, the loadsettlement curve demonstrated the bearing capacity values were: 7,000 kPa, 6,533 kPa, and 7,466 kPa. The bearing capacity of 6,533 kPa was obtained from the minimum test value. This value is high than the report recommended and correlation value. Related Articles | Metrics

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Karstic Rock Cavity underneath the Piled Bridge Foundations Detection by the Elastic Wave CT Technique SHI Ruixin1, CHEN Xianghua1， WANG Qiming2 2018, 32 (3):  346-349.  Abstract ( 679 )   Save The karst geology poses a potential safety hazard for the bridge engineering. It is therefore critically important to detect and to evaluate the karst rock cavities underneath the proposed bridge foundations. The conventional test boring method is very difficult to define the karst features as well as the horizontal and vertical limits of the karstic rock boundaries. The crosshole elastic wave Computer Tomography (CT) technique can capture the threedimensional distribution of the karst features, which is based on the differences of elastic wave prorogating in different geological materials between boreholes. This approach has the advantage of higher accuracy in positioning the space locations, higher resolution and it is well suited in the accurate positioning of the suspected karstic cavities in local areas underneath the bridge foundations. A case history of detecting the karst features underneath a proposed foundation is presented in the paper.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of the Heavy Dynamic Cone Penetration Test in the Quality Control in Airport Fills CHEN Chundong1, CAI Kainan2, WANG Hanwu3, HU Shenggang3 2018, 32 (3):  350-354.  Abstract ( 977 )   Save  The fill work for airports are commonly improved by the dynamic compaction method. One of the key parameters for the quality control of the fill operation is the degree of compaction and the conventional testing methods have limited applications. This paper proposes using the Heavy Dynamic Cone Penetration Testing (HDCPT) blow counts N63.5 to correlate the degree of compaction. The correlations between the blow counts N63.5 and degree of compaction were obtained through the comparative tests. The minimum acceptable HDCPT blow counts N63.5 was used for the quality control. Related Articles | Metrics

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Methods of Determining the Coefficient of Wetting Collapsibility of Collapsible Loess SHI Xiangqing 2018, 32 (3):  355-356.  Abstract ( 1600 )   Save It is very important to determine the coefficient of wetting collapsibility of collapsible loess. All current methods in the building code have disadvantages in the one or other aspects in determining this parameter. This paper analyzes various methods in determining the coefficient of wetting collapsibility and presents a new approach for the determinations of both overburden pressure in the laboratory testing and coefficient itself. Both the safety factors in in the engineering projects and the approaches of the new method and an existing method of coefficient of wetting collapsibility determination were compared and the resultant values were presented. The investigation results indicated that, in the existing method, the overburden pressure applying on the test sample is unreasonable and the tested coefficient of wetting collapsibility is generally lower than that of in the site condition. Further, in the calculating the coefficient, the total deformation is based on the original height of the sample and this is not consistent with the actual site conditions. Although, a small sample rebound can be obtained, the factor of wetting should be considered from both the definition the coefficient of wetting collapsibility and the comparison of the calculation result. The deformation under the overburden pressure is far less than that of from the wetting, which indicating the soil sample is collapsible loess. In conclusion, the water infiltration is the leading factor of deformations in loess soils. Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection, Treatment and Prevention of Horizontal Cracks in Manually Dug Concrete Caissons WU Hao 2018, 32 (3):  357-359.  Abstract ( 801 )   Save The low strain integrity test has been applied to detect horizontal cracks in concrete piles in recent years. After the preliminary examination by low strain tests, the horizontal cracks in the pile were confirmed by the coring. The factors that could result in the horizontal cracks are investigated based through the investigation of pile location, subsurface conditions, construction technique. The practical pressurized grouting for the horizontal crack mitigations was proposed and implemented and the integrity test on the treated piles could not detect the crack signal indicating a significant improvement of the defected pile. This paper also presents the measures that could reduce the horizontal cracks in the manually dug concrete caissons and the caisson treatment cost could therefore be reduced significantly.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and Safety Assessments of the Wuhan Guishan TV Tower Foundation LI Qiannan1， WANG Ping2， ZHANG Li2， SHI Lingyi3 2018, 32 (3):  360-364.  Abstract ( 736 )   Save The foundation construction aspects of Wuhan Guishan TV tower are introduced in this paper. The sequence and key steps in the base pedestal construction are demonstrated in detail. The stability of the tower under the strong wind load conditions are also checked.  Related Articles | Metrics