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Comprehensive Mitigation of Anti-Buoyancy and Raft Foundation Cracking and Water Seepage in an Underground Garage LIU Weichao Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 507-512.   Abstract （1676）            Knowledge map    Under a “50-year return period” storm, most of the original anti-uplift ground anchors of a project in Shandong were pulled out. Resulting in a significant uplift of the underground garage structure, multiple locations found cracks at the raft foundations, and several hollow bulges were also observed at the raft foundations. There is an urgent need to repair the underground garage. In response to such hazards, the project adopts a comprehensive mitigation plan that combining “anti-buoyancy grouted ground anchor + drainage and water pressure relief system+pier cap grouting+crack repair”. Finally, the good effect of the “restoration of anti-buoyancy axial resistance+anti-buoyancy reservation for water releasing and pore pressure relief +filling of gaps under the raft foundation+ repairing cracks on the raft foundation” was achieved. Not only did it effectively solve the problems of anti-buoyancy failure of the original structure and raft foundation separation, but it also maximizes the repair of the original damage of the raft foundation. After the mitigation, no further cracking development was observed at the raft foundation, and the ground was flat without water seepage. The mitigation effect was satisfactory. This comprehensive mitigation plan complements and improves each other, and the reinforcement effect is significant. This provides a new approach for similar engineering design and has achieved significant economic and social benefits. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of High-Pressure Rotary Jet Grouting in Borehole Collapse Large Fills XIAN Li, YAO Bo Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 513-516.   Abstract （500）            Knowledge map    With the rapid expansion of the urban boundary, the original mountainous area has become the urban construction land after the site preparation, which will form many deep fill areas. The later construction of pile foundation is prone to problems such as borehole forming difficulties. This article presents a case history of a municipal road project. The difficulty of drilling large diameter piles located in deep fill soil area is relatively high, and multiple borehole caving occur during the construction. Therefore, a relatively stable and reliable high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile foundation assisted drilling process is proposed. Relevant tests were conducted on site, and the results showed that the use of borehole forming auxiliary technology effectively solved the problem of difficulty of borehole forming for large-diameter pile foundations in deep fill soils. After the completion of pile foundation pouring, the effect was satisfactory. This article conducts experimental investigation on the structural parameters and related arrangements of auxiliary drilling technology through on-site experiments and proposes targeted relevant parameters. Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of Foundation Bearing Capacity and Compression Modulus by Cone Penetration Test YUAN Pengju, ZHANG Lifeng, CHEN Longyang, HAN Wenyong, LIU Peng Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 648-652.   Abstract （300）            Knowledge map    A safe, reasonable and high efficiency geotechnical design in a practical engineering project is based on a comprehensive analysis of the site-specific soil and rock properties. In this paper, the soil bearing capacity and compression modulus of the central foundation of a large project in Beijing are estimated by using the in-situ testing technique of cone penetration test (CPT). The results show that the variation of the bearing capacity of the foundation estimated by the CPT and the actual laboratory test is roughly the same, and the bearing capacity of the foundation is slightly different at various depth points. The compression modulus of soil layer estimated by CPT is slightly smaller than that measured from the laboratory test. At a soil depth of 32.6m, the compression modulus determined by CPT is much larger than that determined by laboratory test results. The compression modulus estimated by the CPT and the actual compression modulus vary with the depth of the soil. The results show that the CPT can accurately reflect the actual bearing capacity and the compression modulus of soils. Related Articles | Metrics

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Detailed Geotechnical Investigation of a Site with Complex Geological Conditions in Shanghai WANG Xue Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 517-522.   Abstract （266）            Knowledge map    The scope of geotechnical investigation is to provide related accurate guidance and reference parameters for the upcoming engineering construction. For projects within complex geological subsurface conditions, the technical requirements for geotechnical investigation are more comprehensive, the types of investigation methods are more, and the key technical problems to be solved are more stringent. A project in Jiading District of Shanghai is presented in the paper.  The complex building layout and site geological subsurface conditions of the proposed project, combined with similar engineering experience in Shanghai are briefed. Based on the collection of existing geological background data and pre-analysis, the relevant geotechnical parameters are obtained by comprehensive use of drilling, sampling, laboratory, in-situ testing and other investigation methods. To find out the engineering geological characteristics and changes of foundation soil within the scope of site investigation depth, a comprehensive assessment of soil characteristics is performed. Hydrology, site stability and building suitability under complex geological subsurface conditions of the project are evaluated, and the foundation treatment and related geotechnical suggestions to provide guidance for building construction are also proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Optimization of Construction Engineering of Tunnels in Soft Rock with Large Deformation AN Xiaotian Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 625-630.   Abstract （240）            Knowledge map    Tunnels in soft rock mass with large deformation are characterized by low strength, significant deformation, and poor stability. During the construction, safety hazards such as large deformations, collapses, and sudden water or mud inflows are likely to occur. These hazards pose serious threats to both the construction safety and the engineering quality. Although researchers both domestically and internationally have conducted extensive studies on the optimization of support parameters, selection of construction methods, and deformation control, the dynamic optimization of support parameters and construction methods remains an impressive technical challenge under complex geological conditions. This study focuses on a tunnel in soft rock mass with large deformation in an expressway, utilizing on-site monitoring data and numerical simulation analysis to optimize the tunnel’s support parameters and construction methods. By analyzing the deformation characteristics of the surrounding rock and the stress behavior of the support structure, recommendations are made to optimize the support parameters for arch support, side wall support, and local weak sections. Additionally, based on the applicability analysis of various construction methods, the CRD method is recommended as the optimal construction approach under complex geological conditions. Suggestions for dynamically adjusting support parameters and construction methods are also provided. The research results demonstrate that the optimized support parameters and construction methods effectively control the deformation of surrounding rock, significantly enhancing the safety and quality of tunnel construction. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for optimizing support parameters and selecting construction methods in tunnel engineering under similar complex geological conditions, offering substantial significance for advancing tunnel construction technology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and Practice of Precast Inclined Strut for Deep Excavations in Soft Soils HOU Shengnan, ZHANG Kai, YUE Jianyong, Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 537-542.   Abstract （234）            Knowledge map    There are many significant drawbacks in traditional cast-in-place concrete structures for excavation engineering, such as large construction site impact, low efficiency, and high energy consumption. With the acceleration of urbanization and the demand for sustainable green development, many new prefabricated assembled support technologies have emerged for excavation support engineering. Prefabricated assembled support structures have the characteristics of low cost, short construction period, and easy quality control. The Flying Fish 0401 project located in the Lingang new area of Shanghai is introduced, which excavation area is about 80,500m2, with a depth of 6.00-6.45m and tightly surrounded by three municipal roadways and pipelines. By considering the characteristics of the excavation depth, large area, high permeability coefficient, and analyzing its stress characteristics, a prefabricated support system was successfully implemented in the large-area excavation engineering. The excavation support structure took a fully prefabricated green support scheme consisting of prefabricated steel HUW panel support and precast inclined struct (PIS construction method) to replace the traditional cast-in situ sheet pile retaining wall and horizontal internal support design. The monitoring results show that adopting those technical measures can ensure the safety of the excavation and its surrounding environment, which provides a valuable reference for related projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deformation Mechanism Analysis and Reinforcement Design of the Left Abutment Slope of Yangfanggou Hydropower Station PAN Bing, ZHOU Yong, CHU Weijiang, YIN Liang Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (2): 166-171.   Abstract （220）            Knowledge map    The geological conditions of the left abutment slope of Yangfanggou Hydropower Station are complex, and the unloading effect in the rock mass developing with slope-oriented steep-gentle-dipped fractures is strong. During the excavation of the slope, the deformation and the cracking response in the rock mass on the upstream side of the arch dam foundation are observed, the stability of the slope and personnel safety have been significantly affected. Based on the engineering geological survey and monitoring data analysis, a discrete element simulation model is established for the deformation mechanism and the crack cause analysis of the left abutment slope. The numerical analysis results show that: the fault f27 and the slope-oriented structural plane with gentle dip are the main factors that influencing the deformation response during excavating the slope. During the excavation of the slope above E.L.2000 m, the f27 has an obvious influence on the local stress at the toe of the slope. The stress will be concentrated in the upper part of f27 firstly and then unloading and relaxed under the combined action of the slope-oriented structural plane. The shear deformation happens along with the fault f27, and the subsidence of its hanging wall caused the crack of the rock mass. The slope stability will be significantly reduced with the f27 exposed on the excavation face, there is a large risk of slip and instability. The pre-stressed ground anchors are used to establish the toe and strengthen the middle of the slope, which can effectively improve the stability of the slope and control the shear deformation of f27. After the prestressed ground anchors are applied, the safety factor of the slope is increased from 0.98 to 1.20, and the monitoring data show that the deformation is controlled successfully. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of PC Pile Method in a Subway Station Auxiliary Structure Construction in Soft Soils ZHU Shangming, ZHANG Wen, SONG Zhaoping Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (5): 683-686.   Abstract （219）            Knowledge map    As a new green excavation supporting system, the PC (Pipe-Combination) pile method is widely used in construction in Shanghai and Zhejiang, but its application and research results in subway station construction are still rarely reported. Based on the design and construction characteristics of an auxiliary structure of Fuzhou Metro station and the construction principle of the PC pile method, this study analyzes the key and difficult aspects of the construction of PC pile method in the auxiliary structure of metro station in soft soils by means of theoretical research, field application, monitoring and measurement. The key aspects of the PC pile methods are also introduced. Practice has proved that, compared with the traditional subway supporting structure, the PC pile method improves the comprehensive benefits of the construction progress, quality, environmental protection and cost by nearly 20%. This method positively responds to the national “double carbon” strategic goal and has a wide range of application value in other excavation supporting projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Shear Strength Characteristics and Foundation Bearing Capacity of Coral Sands CHANG Kai, SHI Huanhuan, SUN Liuliu Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (2): 310-315.   Abstract （214）            Knowledge map    Coral sand is widely distributed in the South China Sea, and its mechanical properties are very different from terrigenous sand. To study the effect of average particle size and water content on the shear strength of coral sand, triaxial shear tests were carried out on coral sand samples under different working conditions by using laboratory triaxial tests. On this basis, the influence of the ultimate bearing capacity of foundation on coral sand samples was studied. The test results show that the coral sand exhibits obvious dilatancy and stress softening under low pressure. The peak shear strength and the peak strain increase with the increase of average particle size. With the change of the water content, the cohesion of the soil sample increases first and then decreases and the internal friction angle decreases. Through the analysis and the comparison of the ultimate bearing capacity, the main difference of the bearing capacity coefficient is concentrated in Nγ, in that the coefficient of Terzaghi formula is significantly larger than the other three formulas. The influence of the cohesion on the bearing capacity of Maislav formula is higher than other formulas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Safety Measures During the Rehabilitation Construction of Aged Masonry-Retaining Walls-A Retaining Wall in Foshan City ZENG DeXin, ZHOU Xinglong Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 543-547.   Abstract （204）            Knowledge map    From the end of the last century to the beginning of this century, restricted by many factors, such as, the social and economic level, the design and construction level of excavation support, and construction conditions at that time, the stone masonry retaining walls constructed were generally mainly dry masonry with less mortar, many cavities, and poor integrity. Under the combined effect of various objective factors, unstable phenomena such as common cracking, bulging, mortar missing, and even sliding and collapse were often observed, and the wall rehabilitation is required. During the rehabilitation construction of old stone masonry retaining walls, one of the key aspects is to ensure safety during the construction. Through practice, it is introduced that in the construction process of reinforcing old stone masonry retaining walls by the anchoring method, measures such as optimizing the construction sequence, construction equipment, and construction technology were adopted to effectively control the safety during the construction process and ensure construction safety. Practice shows that the above measures are feasible. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Application of ABAQUS in an Existing Structure Tilting Mitigation Project ZHU Sixiang, WEI Xiaojing Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (2): 188-191.   Abstract （198）            Knowledge map    The structural rehabilitation and the tilting mitigation of a seven-story residential building are presented in this paper. The application of commercial finite element software ABAQUS in the designing of the tilting mitigation program and how ABAQUS software achieved the design optimization of program are also discussed in detail. The reasonable pile space and the optimal length of pile are determined from the numerical analysis. Under the background of the national “two-carbon minimization” strategy, through the optimization design of the structural rehabilitation and building tilting mitigation, the overall carbon emissions are effectively reduced while the purpose of the rehabilitation and the tilting mitigation are achieved. After the project, the tilting value of the existing structure is reduced from the maximum of 125mm to 10 mm, and the final tilting ratio satisfies the requirement of national code. The implementation of this project can provide a valuable project case history and a technical reference for the design and mitigation of similar projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Silty Soil Layer Thickness and Soldier Pile Insertion Ratio on Deep Excavation Deformation ZHU Jinbing Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (2): 251-255.   Abstract （195）            Knowledge map    Due to the different thickness, the silty and peaty soil layer can have a significant impact on surface settlement and deformation of the supporting structure. The different insertion ratios of soldier piles can also affect the stability and safety of the excavation. Therefore, to understand the influence of the thickness of the silty and peaty soil layer and the insertion ratio of the soldier piles on the horizontal deformation and surface settlement of the supporting structure, a numerical model was established for the analysis and compared with the measured results. The research results showed that the maximum horizontal deformation of the supporting structure increased with the increase of the thickness of the silty and peaty layer, and the maximum deformation of the supporting structure reached 41.3 mm when the thickness of the silty and peaty soil layer was 20 meters; The horizontal deformation of the supporting structure under each thickness of the silty and peaty soil layer shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of depth. The larger the thickness of the silt layer, the more obvious the trend of deformation increasing or decreasing; The amount of surface settlement increases with the thickness of the silty and peaty soil layer, reaching a maximum of 31.33 mm when the thickness of the silty and peaty soil layer is 20 meters; The horizontal deformation value of the supporting structure gradually decreases with the increase of insertion ratio; When the insertion ratio is below 0.51, reducing the insertion ratio will greatly increase the horizontal deformation value of the enclosure structure; When the insertion ratio does not exceed 0.511, the increase in the maximum settlement gradually becomes apparent. The maximum surface settlement increased by 15.08 mm when the insertion ratio decreased from 0.384 to 0.256, with an increase of nearly 28.6%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship Among Area Replacement Ratio of Composite Soils and Soil Three Phase Indexes ZHAO Pengtao Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 596-599.   Abstract （195）            Knowledge map    The area replacement ratio of the composite soil is the most critical parameter in estimating the bearing capacity of composite foundation. To solve the computational problem of area replacement ratio involved in composite soil treatment design and professional geotechnical engineer examination, especially the computational relationship among area replacement ratio and soil three-phase indexes. Based on the in-depth study of the concept and computation method of area replacement ratio, this paper presents the composite soil with reinforcement body (column) having the effect of compaction as the case history. The basic conversion relationship of soil three-phase indexes is briefly introduced. The main concept of the constant dry soil mass among columns before and after the soil treatment is presented. This paper also discusses and deduces the computational relationship among the area replacement ratio, void ratio, dry density and other three phase indexes of the soil under two working conditions. The accuracy of the derived results ate verified and the advantages in solving problems in the examination of professional geotechnical engineers. The relevant research results are helpful to the design practitioners of composite soil engineering and the examinee of the professional geotechnical engineers in calculating the area replacement ratio. Related Articles | Metrics

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Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis of Soil Squeezing Effect of Pre-drilled Pipe Piles in Thick Peaty Soil Layers LI Taifeng, ZHANG Ruiyuan, JI Fuquan, CHEN Peishuai, GAO Ran Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 611-617.   Abstract （195）            Knowledge map    To quantitatively study the influence of pre-drilled borehole parameters on the soil squeezing effect of pipe piles in peaty soils, field tests were conducted on the driving of of pipe piles in soft soils in a trail site at the bridge abutment area of Hailing Island Bridge to investigate the effect of pre-drilled pipe piles on the soil squeezing deformation around the piles. The results showed that pre-drilling measures caused the soil to shift towards the center of the borehole, while pipe pile driving caused the soil to shift significantly in the opposite direction. The impact range of soil squeezing was greater than 3D (D is the pile diameter). After a sharp linear increase in the pressure of excess pore water pressure in peaty soils, it maintains a relatively stable value in the short term. On this basis, a discrete element model was established, and the calculated values of lateral horizontal displacement were in good agreement with the on-site monitoring results. The displacement field can be divided into three parts. The area below the pile top and 2/3 of the pile body is the uplift displacement zone, the area above the pile end and 1/3 of the pile shaft is the horizontal displacement zone, and the area below the pile end is the subsidence displacement zone. The displacement field is distributed in an inverted cone shape and has a strip-shaped characteristic in the horizontal direction. When the pre-drilling rate and pre-drilling depth are above 0.5, the reduction effect on soil squeezing is more significant. It is recommended to set the pre-drilling rate and pre-drilling depth between 0.5 and 0.8 in the project, respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Borehole Radar and Sonar Technology in the Investigation of Karst in Underwater Tunnel Projects CHEN Qiang, WANG Qiao, HUANG Zhengyi Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (2): 343-348.   Abstract （194）            Knowledge map    The development of karst features in offshore areas has a significant impact on the construction of underwater tunnels. Therefore, it is critical to determine the distribution limits and morphological characteristics of the karst features before the construction. This article presents the preliminary survey data from a shielded tunneling section of the Dalian Metro Line No. 5 located underwater. By employing the ground penetrating radar (GPR) and the borehole sonar technology for an actual surveying in the well-developed karst area, the study investigates the applications of the borehole radar and the borehole sonar technology in the offshore karst surveys. The results demonstrate the effective application, successfully clarifying the limits of the karst development and the spatial morphological characteristics within the work area, thus obtaining the accurate data related to the degrees of the karst development. The application results from the engineering case history indicate that these two technologies possess high accuracy and reliability in the practical application of the offshore karst engineering surveys. The GPR can determine the depth and undulations of the bedrock surface, the distribution of karst rock cavities, and the development range of the dissolution fractures, while the borehole sonar can analyze the development limits and the spatial morphological characteristics of the karst cavities. The rational and the integrated use of borehole and these two down-the-hole detection methods can effectively clarify the limits and the spatial morphological characteristics of the offshore karst terrain, providing accurate data on the karst development within the impact range of the underwater tunnel design. This information guides the construction of the shielded tunneling machine, ensuring a smooth crossing of the underwater karst area for the metro tunnel project. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of High Efficiency Magnesium Cement Agent to Solidify Dredged Sludge ZHANG Xiaolong Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (5): 715-719.   Abstract （193）            Knowledge map    The river dredging projects will produce a large amount of silty and peaty dredged sludge every year, the traditional physical dehydration and landfill cannot permanently solve the characteristics of high silty peaty clay content and high compression rate, so the silty peaty dredged soils should be solidified. The currently widely used Portland cement has the disadvantage of large amounts of hydration and high heat release. To minimize the cost of solidifying dredged sludge and to reduce carbon emission, this paper adopts magnesium oxychloride cement combined with other additives derived from the solid waste material as the curing agent of dredged silty peaty soils from river channels. Based on the physical and mechanical properties of solidified soil, the effects of different amounts of composite magnesium oxychloride cement curing agent on the Atterberg limits and unconfined compressive strength of dredged sludge samples are explored. A reference group with and without naphthalene series C superplasticizer was set up. The results show that the addition of the curing agent can significantly reduce the water content of the silty peaty soils. With the increase of the curing agent, the liquid limit of the solidified samples gradually increases, the plastic limit gradually decreases, and the plastic index decreases. Moreover, the strength of the solidified silty peaty soils reaches 266kPa when the addition of the curing agent is 10%. However, it has a decreasing effect on the strength, but overall, the waterreducing agent can effectively improve the curing effect of magnesium cement solidified soil. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deformation Characteristics of Large Sized Foundation Excavations with Various Types of Support in Soft Soil Areas#br# ZHANG Wei, XU Shengjun, ZHANG Zhenyu, ZHANG Bailiang, WU Xi, SUN Miaomiao, Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (2): 159-165.   Abstract （191）            Knowledge map    The deformation characteristics of the long and large sized foundation excavation with various types of excavation supports in soft soil areas are analyzed in this paper. The construction monitoring data of the soil settlement, the retaining structure deformation, and the axial force of the bracing system are collected for a project in Hangzhou. The long and large sized foundation excavation retaining structure under different support types was comprehensively analyzed and evaluated. The results show that both bored piles and the SMW method columns can effectively control the deformation of the excavation. The deformation control capability of the enclosure structure under the combined application of different foundation support types presents a strong uniformity and the deformation of the enclosure structure on both sides of the junctions is continuous. The combined application of different foundation excavation support types can meet the design and construction requirements, and the structural deformation of the foundation excavation can be controlled within the scope of the code requirements. The engineering practice can provide a construction experience and the practical basis for similar projects in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Frost Heaving Deformation Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Railway Subgrade in Seasonal Frozen Regions MA Tao, ZHANG Yonggang, HUANG Shiguang Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (2): 333-337.   Abstract （189）            Knowledge map    In seasonally frozen regions, the frost heave and thaw settlement of high-speed railway embankments play a decisive role in the safety and stability of railways. Using the frost heave deformation monitoring of a specific railway embankment in a seasonally frozen area as the research subject, the deformation monitoring and data analysis were conducted throughout the entire freeze-thaw process. The study obtained the variations in the embankment’s temperature field, freezing depth, and frost heave over time and space. Detailed surveys were also carried out in key areas of frost heave deformation, obtaining the moisture content and fine particle content at different interfaces of the embankment. Through the in-depth analysis of the monitoring data, the study revealed that the primary factors influencing the freeze-thaw deformation of this railway embankment in the seasonally frozen area are water content and fine particle content. It was found that areas with higher water content and greater fine particle content exhibit significantly increased frost heave. Based on the research results, specific recommendations for improving embankment design and reinforcement measures were proposed. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the construction and maintenance of high-speed railways in seasonally frozen areas, contributing to enhanced railway safety and stability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Interface Shear Behavior between Completely Decomposed Granite and Concrete WANG Xuetao, TANG Rui, SU Dong, Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 571-575.   Abstract （188）            Knowledge map    The completely decomposed granite is widely distributed. In deep foundation engineering, slurry is often used to prevent bore-hole caving in soil. However, the strength of mud cake is low, which will lead to the reduction of pile axial capacity. To improve the axial resistance of the pile in the completely granite stratum, post grouting is used to reinforce the soil around the piles. The direct shear tests were used to study the influence of mud cake effect, soil around piles with different cement content and the roughness of the shaft on the shearing behavior of the pile-soil interface. The results show that the interface strength between pile and soil is greatly reduced due to the lubrication of the mud cake. Grouting reinforcement can effectively improve the shear strength of pile-soil interface, but the behavior becomes brittle. Both the internal friction angle and the cohesion of the interface increase with an increase of the roughness of shaft. Related Articles | Metrics

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Measured Analysis and Control Measures of Columns in Cover Excavation of Adjacent Deep Excavation with a Common Wall TAO Lianjin, GAO Tengfei, JIAO Boyang, ZHAO Xu, GUO Fei, ZHANG Yu, Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 529-536.   Abstract （185）            Knowledge map    With the acceleration of urbanization, the process of large-scale underground space development is also accelerated, and there will be a larger number of adjacent deep excavations at the same time or cross-construction. The support structure of adjacent deep excavations will produce complex deformation during the construction. The deformation of bracing structures in deep excavations using the top-down construction method is not only very important to the stability and safety of deep foundation, but also to the stability of underground and above-ground structures. The Beijing City Sub-Central Station Comprehensive Transportation Hub Project is presented in this paper as the case history. The measured data of deformation of columns in covered excavation of open cut deep excavation and semi-covered excavation deep excavation with common wall of the construction is analyzed. The PLAXIS software is used to simulate the entire process of adjacent deep excavation with common walls, and the deformation control measures of columns in the excavation with cover excavation area are proposed. The results show: (1) The maximum vertical deformation of the columns is 41mm, the deformation of columns shows large sides and small in the middle in the north-south direction, and small on both sides and large in the middle in the east-west direction; (2) The excavation of the adjacent excavations with common wall to the bottom of the excavation, the maximum horizontal deformation of each column is only 1.1mm, and the deformation direction is biased to the side of the open excavation area of pit 02B; (3) Reducing the head of confined-water (iii) to 9.8m elevation and increasing the embedment ratio of bored piles to 2.0 can effectively control the vertical deformation of columns; (4) When pit 03A is excavated first, the B1 floor slab can be constructed in advance so that the horizontal deformation of columns can be effectively controlled. The research results can provide some references and lessons for similar projects. Related Articles | Metrics