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25 December 2014, Volume 28 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Application of the Reversed Construction Technology in Deep Excavations ZHAO Xiang, WANG Jieguang 2014, 28 (6):  1-5.  Abstract ( 1416 )   Save The applications of the Reversed Construction Technology in the deep excavation under the special geological conditions as well as under the high concentration of underground structure in the urban areas are discussed in this paper. The paper presents a case history of apply the reverse construction technology in a deep excavation in Shanghai. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of grouting strengthen method on shallow soft clay YAO Hao1, WANG Hongbo2, ZHANG Lewen2 2014, 28 (6):  6-8.  Abstract ( 1621 )   Save The grouting has been an effective method in treating unfavorable geological conditions, which has received remarkable results. However, in the shallow deposited cohesive soils, due to the difficulties in fixing the grouting sleeve, the soil layer is hard to be split and the grouting fluid cannot penetrate into the cohesive soils as a result of the low grouting pressure. A new grouting procedure, which uses the sleevevalve pipe inserted into the geotextile tube, is introduced to resolve this difficulty. The new procedure utilizes character of the longer initial hardening time of the cement based grouting slurry, adjusts the ratio of the fast hardening additives to the cement slurry and controls the grouting pressure to achieve the optimized pumping results. This procedure has been applied to the groundwater cutoff in the deep excavation of Shangyuanmen Station in Nanjing. The shallow deposited cohesive soil groundwater cutoff is achieved by the new grouting method and it has a significant contribution to the stability of the deep excavation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of Horizontal Displacement and Bottom Heave in the Deep Excavations WANG Ningwei, HAN Xu, WANG Xinzhe 2014, 28 (6):  9-12.  Abstract ( 1730 )   Save Within the same deep excavation site of Wanda Square in Yingkou, the horizontal displacements under different supporting systems are monitored and analyzed in this paper. The following conclusions are obtained: 1) In the soft soil areas, the linear horizontal displacement distribution is found in a high stiffness supporting system and a hyperbola distribution is observed in the low stiffness supporting system. 2) The maximum horizontal displacement of the deeper soils has a range of 2.0×10-4 to 6.2×10-4 of the excavation depth, which occurs at a zone of 0.7 to 1.0 of the excavation depth. 3) At the bottom of the excavation, two zones of heaving can be found: zone of heave increasing and zone of heave decrease with a heaving range of 3.5 to 10 ×10-4 of excavation depth. The bottom heave increasing zone is approximately located within 0.4 time of the excavation depth. The stiffer the supporting is, the larger the heave increasing zone is. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Interchange Deep Excavation Monitoring WANG Ruike 2014, 28 (6):  13-16.  Abstract ( 1617 )   Save The deep excavation case history for an interchange project in Tianjin is presented in this paper. The deformation of the diaphragm wall, the axial force in the struts for the concrete wall, groundwater level behind the diaphragm wall and the ground subsidence are monitored in during the excavation. Related Articles | Metrics

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SlurryShield Excavations in High Water Pressure in Silty Sand Soils at the Underwater Receiving End HOU Jianjun1, XIAO Minzhao2 2014, 28 (6):  17-20.  Abstract ( 1414 )   Save The construction techniques for the slurryshielded excavation at the underwater receiving end of the tunnel are introduced in the paper with a case history of the Wuhan Metro Line No.2 Project crossing the Yangtze River. The paper emphasizes the key techniques, such as, jet grouting reinforcement, ground freezing reinforcement at the receiving end, backfill of the vertical shaft and the shielded excavation. In Metro Line No.2 Project, both the jet grout and the ground freeze are used for the ground improvement and the backfill operation is performed immediately after the excavation reached the end. These new techniques provide examples for resolving the high water pressure difficulties in the shielded excavations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussions on the BoxCulvert Foundations for the Xiaochang Natural Gas Station Project TAN Zhanting 2014, 28 (6):  21-22.  Abstract ( 1436 )   Save This paper discusses the technical issues encountered during the construction of box culvert for the Xiaochang Natural Gas Station. These adverse situations include, soft soil stratum, new deposited loose soils, irrigation canal, etc. The topography and geotechnical conditions of the project site are also introduced in the paper. The box culvert was successfully constructed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction Monitoring for Urban an Underpass Project ZHANG Chao1, Chen Pan2, WEI Changfu1, HUANG Zhenyu1 2014, 28 (6):  23-26.  Abstract ( 1510 )   Save The construction monitoring of the deep excavation for an urban underpass project is introduced in this paper. The horizontal and vertical displacement of the supporting structure, settlement of the adjacent buildings, subsidence of the roadway pavement as well as the earth pressure behind the excavation are monitored for the purpose of a safe construction. The paper also presents a wellplanned monitoring scheme that led a successful construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction Techniques of a Tunnel Undercrossing the Water Canal LU Haiqing 2014, 28 (6):  27-31.  Abstract ( 1487 )   Save This paper presents the construction techniques of Lingxi Tunnel undercrossing the Hongxian Canal. The Hongxian Canal which belongs to the QuanQiang Anshan rock formation has the characteristics of shallow buried and large water quantities.  The tunnel excavation applied the geological condition prediction technique for the rock mass conditions to be excavated; the large scale lead pipe grouting method was utilized in the excavated rock mass. Other excavation and supporting techniques, such as, circular excavation with core soils, the radial grouting and monitoring for the entire tunnel cross section, are also applied. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction Techniques of a Shallow Buried Metro Tunnel underPassing the Existing Buildings TANG Hongtao 2014, 28 (6):  32-35.  Abstract ( 1395 )   Save This paper presents a case history of the excavation techniques of a shallow buried metro tunnel under passing the existing building. Based on the geological condition prediction and the test boring information, the tunnel excavation utilizes the deep hole grouting at the excavated face and sleevevalvepipe grouting at the ground surface. Both the excavated dimension and the vibration peak particle velocity from the blasting are strictly controlled. In addition, the deformations at different locations, such as, ground surface, crest of the excavated tunnel, as well as the net clearance within the tunnel, are monitored during the excavation. The results indicate that the deformations are well under the permissible values. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sea Dike Thick Soft Soils Improved by Prefabricated Vertical Drains PAN Bingcheng 2014, 28 (6):  36-39.  Abstract ( 1459 )   Save The Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD) have received a wider application in improving thick soft soils in sea dike projects in Ningbo area. This paper presents the results of improving the thick soft soils in the Beilun Qixin Coastal Sea Dike Project. The results indicate that the insitu testing is an effective tool for the soft soil strengthening projects. The clay debris at the ground surface would affect the initial settlement of the improved soils. The PVD is an effective and efficient tool for the sea dike soil improvement. Related Articles | Metrics

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Vacuum Preloading Combined with Surcharging with Water of Soft Soils for Building Foundations ZHU Fangfang，GONG Lifei，ZHUANG Hong, WU Yuelong 2014, 28 (6):  40-42.  Abstract ( 1381 )   Save A common hazard of the building founded on soft soils is the differential settlement after the completion and even tilting and cracking of the structures. This paper presents a case history of soft soil improvements for a residential building project by using vacuum preloading combined with water surcharging. The design, construction, monitoring and evaluation aspects of this method indicate that this method can effectively minimize the common hazards of building foundations on improved thick soft soils. The vacuum preloading combined with water surcharging method has the advantages of meeting design requirements, easy construction, short construction duration, and cost effective. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect analysis of vacuum combined with surcharge preloading for deep soft soil ZHANG Hong1, ZHANG Jinliang1, ZHU Yongnian1, GONG LiFei1,2, ZHU Fangfang1, WU Yuelong1 2014, 28 (6):  43-46.  Abstract ( 1662 )   Save This paper presents a case history of improvement of thick soft soils by using a combination of vacuum preloading and surcharge methods. The subsurface conditions of the Economic Development Zone of Golan, Zhuhai, consist of hydraulic dredged soils and mucky soils with an average thickness of 25 meters. The soil improvement technique and construction monitoring results are analyzed. The results indicate that the allowable bearing capacity of the surface soil is 100 kPa and the capacity of the deeper soils could be 80 kPa. The average ground settlement of the site varied from 153.14 cm to 202.79 cm. The vacuum preloading combined with surcharge has the characteristics of short construction duration; safe installations, and excellent improvement result. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability Analysis and Mitigations of a 220 KV Transformation Station Foundations in Karst Terrains WANG Xingyun, MEI Tao, TANG Xiaochao， ZHANG Anping 2014, 28 (6):  47-50.  Abstract ( 1917 )   Save The geographical, geotechnical and hydrogeology conditions of the Huangshi Yegang 220kV transformation station are discussed in this paper. The mechanism of the karst cavity formation is also analyzed. The stability of transformation foundations over the karst cavities are evaluated quantitatively by using FLAC 3D numerical analysis. The results indicate that the site is unstable and the maximum settlement at the ground surface will be 0.85 meters with a local collapse of some cavities. The mitigation measures are also presented in this paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment of Collapse Loess for a Chemical Factory in Tacheng CityXingjiang Autonomous Region GUO Yubin1， WANG Zhenzhen2, LIANG Chao1 2014, 28 (6):  51-53.  Abstract ( 1825 )   Save The subsurface conditions of a chemical factory in Tacheng City, Xingjiang Autonomous Region indicate that the second and third (which has a maximum thickness of 6 meters) layers of loess deposits are collapsible. The foundation soils are required to be improved in order to meet the requirement of the structures. The dynamic compaction technique for the collapsible soil elimination is selected throughout comprehensive ground improvement feasibility study. This paper discusses the determination of the dynamic compaction parameters such as, compaction energy of each drop, number of drops at each point, optimum moisture content of ground to be treated etc. The construction results and the monitoring test results indicate that this method is a successful application in the collapsible loess elimination. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Leachate Analysis and Cut-off Measures of a Sanitary Landfill in Donggang City HE Mingzhu, LI Qinhou 2014, 28 (6):  54-56.  Abstract ( 1567 )   Save This paper presents the results of the study on a proposed sanitary landfill in Chiyu, Dongang City. The geological conditions of the proposed site are investigated throughout the geophysical, test boring and water injection tests. The permeability at the bottom of the landfill is evaluated and the cutoff measures are proposed. It is concluded that the grouting cutoff wall is necessary. Related Articles | Metrics

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Factors Affecting the Actual Filling Ratio of CFG Columns under Adverse Geological Conditions SUN Xiaoyi1， SUN Jiansheng2 2014, 28 (6):  57-59.  Abstract ( 1769 )   Save The CementFly AshGravel (CFG) Column method is an effective soil improvement method and it has new developments. The new procedures, such as, allspiralflightauger drilling and pumping the filling material inside the borehole, have the characteristics of low construction noise, fast column installation, and cost effective. Under the adverse and complicated geological conditions, these new techniques have made special contributions in a safe and successful CFG column installation. This paper presents a case history of the application of CFG columns in improving the liquefiable soils for Huxian East Station in the Xi'an Chengdu passenger rail project. The excessive filling ratio of the CFG column under the adverse geological conditions is analyzed and factors affecting the filling ratio are presented. The mitigation measures that control the filling ratio are implemented in the column installations. The results indicate that the project is a success. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cast-In-Place Concrete Pile Installation in Talus Covered Karst Area XIAO Yucheng, GU Bingshen 2014, 28 (6):  60-63.  Abstract ( 1544 )   Save The talus is consists of boulders with various sizes, rock fragments and small amount of soils. It has a loose structure with large voids. The karst area has well developed rock caverns, pinnacles and rock fissures. The deep foundation type selection in the talus covered karst area is relative easy but the pile installation is critical to the construction schedule and the cost of the project. The rock percussion advancement with mud slurry for the borehole protection and other techniques is a proven success to this subsurface condition. The construction practice indicates that the manually controlled percussion drilling is a better choice for castinplace piles in talus covered karst areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Vertical Shaft Dimension Optimization Using Modified BP Neural Network LEI Gang 2014, 28 (6):  64-66.  Abstract ( 1947 )   Save The cross section dimensions have a significant impact on the fast construction and quality of the vertical shaft. The different cross sectional sizes are obtained by the numerical analysis using FLAC3D software and their associated total volume of the plastic zone, maximum stress and maximum deflection. The nonlinear relationships between the different shaft dimensions and the mechanical parameters obtained by FLAC3D are established through the modified Back Propagation (BP) neural network. The mechanical parameters that meet the design requirements are input into the trained BP neural network and the shaft cross section dimensions can be obtained throughout the back analysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deformations of the Supporting Structures in Deep Excavationwith Multiple Horizontal Struts QIAO Yongjun1, KE Jiewei2, PANG Youshi3, YAN Chunlei4 2014, 28 (6):  67-72.  Abstract ( 1353 )   Save The deep excavation with multiple horizontal struts has been numerically analyzed using beam theory on elastic soil foundations and considering the influence of the pilesoil displacement. The force in the supporting pile with the change of horizontal displacement is also discussed in the paper. The analysis simulates the different stages of the excavation based on the location and the installation of the struts. The horizontal displacement, rotational deformation and the shear force as well as bending moment along the supporting piles are obtained. It is concluded that the predicted results are close to the observed values and the proposed method can provide a reasonable values of the force and deformation in the supporting piles during various stages of the excavation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Software Development of the Geological Structural Plane Analysis and Computation LIU Hao, HE Liupeng, PEI Lina, ZHU Wei 2014, 28 (6):  73-75.  Abstract ( 1456 )   Save The geological structural plane analysis and statistics have been computerized with software. The software meets the requirements of the conventional engineering work, such as, automatic statistical analysis of the geological structural plane, proving batched graphics and performing stability analysis. The structural plane analysis work can be parametrical input, standardized and automatic. The engineering applications indicate that the efficiency, accuracy as well as the quality of the geotechnical investigation can be significantly improved by using this software. Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussions on the Parameters of a Nonlinear Elastic Model XIAO Xiangju, LIANG Fangdong 2014, 28 (6):  76-78.  Abstract ( 1361 )   Save Parameters that required in two nonlinear elastic models: Tangent elastic modulustangent Poisson's ratio and Tangent elastic modulus and tangent bulk modulus are discussed in this paper based on a series of consolidated drained triaxial test results on the soil samples from a tailing dam. Methods of obtaining these parameters and the application of these parameters in the tailing dam projects have also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Field Testing and Numerical Analysis of a Composite Soil Nailing Wall ZHANG Shulong1, DONG Xixiang2, LI Lianxiang1 2014, 28 (6):  79-82.  Abstract ( 1434 )   Save This paper presents the deep excavation monitoring results of an underground parking garage of West Jinan New City project. The deep excavation was supported by the composited soil nail walls. The excavation and the supporting progresses are simulated by the three dimensional finite element analysis using ABAQUS. The simulated lateral displacement and vertical settlement at the ground surface near the excavation are compared with the measured values. The influences of micropile and seepage cutoff wall on the performance of the composite soil nail wall are also analyzed. The results indicate that the numerical model that includes the soil nail, seepage cutoff wall, micropile, and prestressed ground anchor can reasonably simulate the progress of the deep excavation supported by the composite soil nails. Related Articles | Metrics

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Modified Gray Model Settlement Predictions of HighwayEmbankment Improved by DCM Columns LI Yang 2014, 28 (6):  83-86.  Abstract ( 1469 )   Save The highway embankment settlement prediction of the Deep Cement Mixed (DCM) column improved ground can not only reflect the embankment settlement accumulations but also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the soil improvement as well as the stability of the improved embankment. As a result, the settlement prediction has received an increase attention. This paper presents the case study of the settlement prediction work for the DCM improved highway embankment. A modified gray prediction by using nonequally time interval GM(1,1) model was used in the analysis and the results are verified by the observed data. It is concluded that this modified model can provide a satisfactory settlement prediction for the DCM improved highway embankment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Surge Calculation and Analysis on Potential Reservoir Landslide ENG Hui, LI Guoping 2014, 28 (6):  87-91.  Abstract ( 1743 )   Save This paper discusses the surge hazards induced by the high velocity landslides into the reservoir pool. Several formulas, such as, empirical formulas proposed by IWHR and Pan Jiazheng, have been applied in the surge height prediction. The initial surge height, surge at the opposite bank and at various locations from the sliding under the proposed landslide with different pool water levels are predicted and a parametric study has been performed to find out the most sensitive factors on the surge. The following conclusions are obtained: The impact of pool water level changes on the sliding body velocity into the water, initial surge height and height at the opposite bank is not significant; the impact of velocity of the sliding body into the water on the surge height is significant; under different pool water levels, the distance from the sliding location has minimal impact on the surge height. The inclination of the sliding body and the internal friction angle on the surge height is large. Related Articles | Metrics

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Engineering Geology Characteristics of Jintan Salt Mine HUANG Mengyun1, LIU Wei2, SHI Xilin2 2014, 28 (6):  92-95.  Abstract ( 1973 )   Save Energy storage caverns constructed in salt formations is one of the most widely adopted patterns in the world. To explore the feasibility of storage clusters in the Jintan deep salt mine, the geophysical explorations and research works have been performed on the regional geological and tectonic characteristics as well as the geological occurrence of the salt mine. The following conclusions have been obtained: 1) the sedimentary boundaries of Jintan salt basin are controlled by several faults. These faults, which are currently inactive, belong to the compressional faults, and have fairly gas tight character. 2) The salt mines mainly deposit in the fourth section of FuNing Group, Eocene Series. The salt layer and other layers are horizontally alternatively deposited. The salt layers are gradually wedging out in all directions. In the center area of salt basin, the thickness of salt is in range of 68231m with a good engineering property. The salt rock in this area has a great potential for the energy storage. (3) Both the overlying and the underling rock consist of mudstone, glauberite and other very low permeability rock formations. They have excellent gas tight property for the proposed storageclusters. In conclusion, the regional stability and tightness of Jintan salt basin are satisfactory and can be selected as the candidate site for energy storage clusters. Related Articles | Metrics

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Trial Tests on the Mechanical Properties of a High Moisture Content embankment Soil LIU Fei1,2, YAO Yanya2, DAI Dafang2, HU Yuanyuan2 2014, 28 (6):  96-98.  Abstract ( 1226 )   Save The properties of the high moisture content embankment soil is studied through the trial tests. The filling embankment construction is pilot studied and the performance of the high moisture content embankment soils are summarized in the paper. The results indicate that, for the first phase of the embankment, the filling rate has limited impact on the performance of the embankment soils; the fast filled embankment will have a relatively slow dissipation of the excessive pore pressure in the embankment. From the second filling, the accumulation of the high pore pressure and its slow dissipation will result in a large deformation in the embankment. Therefore, a high degree of consolidation is hard to be reached within a short period of time. An appropriate filling rate is necessary for the high water content and relatively large permeability embankment soils so that the consolidation time required for the underlying soils can be reduced. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deformation at the Crest of Highway Cut Slopes LIN Suming, LI Jianfu 2014, 28 (6):  99-102.  Abstract ( 1486 )   Save The progressive deformation at the crest of highway cut slopes can provide firsthand information on the entire stability and deformation of the cut slopes; therefore, it has a practical meaning to study the deformation at the crest. Based on the numerical analysis results and the monitored data, this paper presents a case history of the progressive deformation at the crest of a cut slope in Bid Package A3 (ZK14+165) of Zhaoyin Highway Project in Zhangzhou. The results have the following conclusions: 1) Except for the unloading deformation on the newly excavated benches, the deformation zone at the crest has the predominant displacements; 2) The deformation increase with the depth of the cut and the largest deformation is close to the slope; 3) For a cut depth of 38.8 meters slope, the deformation occurs within a 10meter horizontal zone to the edge and a spiral deformation curve can be found from the crest to the toe of the slope. Related Articles | Metrics

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Blasting Effects of Mining Operation on the Final Open-Pit Slope in Zijinshan Gold-Copper Mine LAI Hongyuan 2014, 28 (6):  103-107.  Abstract ( 1443 )   Save In order to analyze the blasting effects during the mining operation and the dynamic response of the slope excavation by blasting, the vibrations on the open pit slopes induced by the blasting are monitored and the collected data are analyzed by the regression method. The results indicate, at locations close to the slope, the controlled blasting is necessary. The total blasting charge as well as the initiation sequence should be carefully designed. The presplit blasting is necessary at locations near the end and at the bench of the slope in order to maintain the integrity of the bench and minimize the direct blasting impact on the bench. Related Articles | Metrics

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Geological Hazards Prediction and Prevention for Transmission Tower Foundation on Steep Slopes ZHAO Youyu, WANG Yongzhong, NIE Wenbo 2014, 28 (6):  108-111.  Abstract ( 1716 )   Save High intensity precipitations occurred in Xichang area since June of 2012. In August, several debris flows, rock falls and landslides occurred along the 500 kV transmission line from Jinping Hydroelectric Power Station and Xichang Convert Station. These geological hazards had potentially threatened the safety of the transmission tower foundations. The site reconnaissance results indicate that, in addition to the high intensity rainfalls as well as the complicated and fragile geological condition of the Southwest Mountain areas, the damage of the vegetation and the improper placement of the waste soil near the tower foundations are the factors that triggered the geological hazards. When the tower foundations are located on the potentially instable geological formations or are threatened by the geological hazards and the mitigation measure is impossible or cost prohibitive, the transmission options should consider the relocation, realignment, or span over. When no other relocation option is feasible, the geological hazard mitigation measures have to be considered. Different triggering mechanisms among the landslide, rock fall and debris flow lead to different mitigation considerations. The paper summarizes the frequent geological hazards occurrence characters of Southwest Mountain areas and the lessons learned from the transmission design and construction in these areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Ground Subsidence of China's Coastal Areas SHAN Zining, TANG Bin 2014, 28 (6):  112-115.  Abstract ( 1623 )   Save Ground subsidence is one of the main geological hazards faced by coastal areas of China in the 21st Century. This paper concludes that the excessive and uncontrolled extraction of the groundwater as well as the high density skyscrapers are the main contribution factors to the ground subsidence, after both theoretical analysis and literature review. The potential adverse impact of the ground subsidence to the coastal areas as well as the development of the ground subsidence study is introduced in this paper. The ground subsidence mitigation measures, which is focused on the prevention and added by the engineering, are proposed. These measures include: improving the ground subsidence awareness, establishing the ground observation network, groundwater injection and controlled groundwater extraction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of the Rock Burst in Guantian Tunnel and its Prevention and Mitigation LU Zebiao 2014, 28 (6):  116-119.  Abstract ( 1858 )   Save Rock burst is a common geological hazard and it might significantly threaten the life of construction workers and safety of the equipment. There are many research works have been conducted worldwide but the limited results are obtained due to the complexity of the rock burst problems. The high geostress and its induced geological hazards (such as rock burst) are the commonly encountered problems in the construction. The measurement of the geostress is one of the important factors for rock burst and other geological hazards prediction in the tunnel excavation. This paper introduces the initiation as well as the development of the rock burst in the tunnel excavation. The reasons for the rock burst in Guantian Tunnel are explored from the geological conditions and the geo-stress measurement. Measures that can prevent the rock burst are also proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influences of Fly ash Content on the Mechanical Properties of Shotcrete LUO Yong1, CHEN Dunfa1, LU Wei2,3, ZUO Xiaoming4 2014, 28 (6):  120-122.  Abstract ( 2733 )   Save As an important component of New Austria Method, the shotcrete technique has the characteristics of simple procedure, fast installation, and wide applications. It becomes an essential tool in the tunnel excavations. Adding the adequate amount of fly ash into the shotcrete mixture can reduce the potential shrink cracks, improve the workability and optimize the construction cost. The impact of fly ash content on the mechanical properties (tensile, compressive and bending strengths) is studied in this paper through the laboratory tests. The results indicate that all indicator strengths reduce with the increase of fly ash content in the mixture. A significant strength reduction can be found at fly ash content of 28%. It is suggested that for a regular shotcrete mix design, the optimum fly ash content should be 9%. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Shear Properties of the Contact Surface between Steel and Coastal Plain Soils YING Yong, LI Furong 2014, 28 (6):  123-125.  Abstract ( 1465 )   Save The frictional characteristics of the contact surface between the steel and the coastal plain soils are studied by a modified direct shear device. The results indicate that the shear stress is linearly proportional to the normal stress; at the maximum shear stress, the displacement in the soil is greater than that of in the soilsteel interface. The shear resistance of the soilsteel combination is lower than the shear resistance in soil mass. With the increase of the normal stress, the effect of the bitumen coating will first lower the shear stress and then it will increase the shear stress at the contact surface. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlations between SPT and Heavy Dynamic Penetration Testing in Silty Fine Sands LIU Xu, ZHANG Haidong, GE Baoyu, LI Hongpeng, CHI Jiayuan 2014, 28 (6):  126-128.  Abstract ( 2127 )   Save In a conventional geotechnical investigation, the standard penetration test (SPT) is often utilized when a silty fine sand layer is encountered and the heavy dynamic penetration test (HDPT) is rarely used in the practice. The HDPT is often influenced by the operator's experience and factor factors and leads to a large testing error of these tested data. The tested data are then need to be carefully evaluated before they are used for the design purposes. Based on the test data obtained for the updating of Liaoning provincial code: Technical Code for Building Foundations and Soils, both SPT and HDPT data in the silty fine sand layers are compared and analyzed. The bearing capacity values determined by both methods are also compared. The correlations between SPT and HDPT are established for the design purposes. Related Articles | Metrics