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20 April 2017, Volume 31 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Ground Deformation Control in Construction of Shenzhen Metro Tunnelunder crossing the crowded buildings LI Hongqing 2017, 31 (2):  115-119.  Abstract ( 1237 )   Save The Shenzhen Metro Line 5 is excavated under crossing the OldPlum Garden with shallow foundation intensive buildings. The surrounding rocks are extremely fractured, and belonging to categoryVI. Deformation of soil layers is not easy to control during tunnel excavation. In order to guarantee the safety of construction and surface buildings, leading steel pipeline shed, rotary jet grouting pile and surface tracing compensation grouting are taken during tunnel construction. The leading steel pipeline shed plays a role of increasing the stiffness of the support and reducing the disturbance to the surrounding soil. The rotary jet grouting pile limits the lateral deformation of tunnel excavation. The surface tracing compensation grouting improves the mechanical properties of the soil layer and improves the compressive strength of the soil. Strata deformation requirement in the process of excavation of the underground running period has been effectively controlled. It makes subway tunnel running off through the area successfully. Related Articles | Metrics

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A New Method for Retaining Walls with Partial Cut and Partial Fill TANG Wei1, GUO Shengjuan2 2017, 31 (2):  120-122.  Abstract ( 1179 )   Save Retaining walls in partial cut and partial fills are frequently encountered in the construction practice. However, the design of these walls are assumed either completely in the cut or completely in fills so that the construction these walls are often not cost effective. This paper discusses a new approach of using composite structure for the design and construction of partial cut and partial fill retaining walls with the combination of secant pile for the cut portion and reinforced earth wall for the fill. This combination of different retaining wall types do not require new design and construction methodology so that it can be widely applied. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of the Grouted Steel Tube Reinforcement as the Supporting System for the Deep Excavation YANG Yuhang1, ZHANG Keneng1, ZHANG Shunqing2 2017, 31 (2):  123-127.  Abstract ( 1181 )   Save With the urbanization of cities, more and more construction related concerns, such as, lack of construction space, interfering with underground utilities and lack of sufficient tool characterizing the newly filled soils, become increasingly important. Facing these problems, the traditional approaches to the design and construction will likely lead to an unnecessarily conservativism, longer construction period and high cost in order to address the safety issues during the construction. This paper presents a case study of using the grouted steel tube reinforcement as the supporting system of a deep excavation in the newly filled soil layers. The guidelines for the borehole advancement, water ratio of the grouting slurry, grout quantity and the grouting pressure are discussed in the paper. Throughout the laboratory testing, it is concluded that the liquid glass solution can effectively adjust the viscosity of the grouting slurry. The viscosity of the grouting slurry is approximately proportional to the content of the liquid glass. The global stability of the excavation supporting system can be checked with strength reduction method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Shear Strength Parameters for a Deep Excavation Project CAI Ruifeng, GUO Yubin 2017, 31 (2):  128-132.  Abstract ( 1121 )   Save The horizontal earth pressure estimation is the most important procedure in the deep excavation support design, whereas, the shear strength parameters are the basic parameters for the lateral earth pressure estimation. Therefore, selection of appropriate shear strength parameters are the critical step for the deep excavation supporting system design. In this paper, three shear strength selection methods are used for a deep excavation supporting design project: Code Method, Least Square Method and Multiple Variable Linear Method using MATLAB. Statistical methods are used to analyze these parameters and the shear strength parameters are able to optimize. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Combining the Excavation Support with the Main Building Structure HU Huanxiao, YANG Tao, JIANG Han 2017, 31 (2):  133-138.  Abstract ( 1039 )   Save This paper presents a case history of deep excavation of Kaisa Square, of which the main structure is very close a subway station with restrictive deformation requirements. The excavation supporting system design considered the safety and the cost effectiveness and combined the supporting structure with the construction of main structure. This approach resolved the limited construction space due to the constraint of the adjacent subway station and the consequent construction safety concerns. The construction monitoring data indicated that the application of this method is successful. The feasibility as well as the characteristics of using the combination approach with the conventional deep excavation sequences such as central part by bottomup method and peripheral part by topbottom method are also discussed in this paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Anchored Soldier Pile Wall as the Deep Excavation Supporting System CHEN Fei 1,2, GAO Yang 1, ZHANG Xueyan 1, XU Shi 1, SHI Wenfang 2 2017, 31 (2):  139-142.  Abstract ( 1123 )   Save The anchored soldier pile wall as the deep excavation supporting system was used in the second contract package of the First Phase of Shimao Longwan Project in Wuhan. In order to meet the requirement of safe, cost effectiveness and construction simplification, the supporting system was optimized based on the subsurface conditions and the adjacent constrain environment. The anchored soldier pile wall was analyzed with equivalent beam method. The results indicate that the selected supporting system is adequate for the excavation. The system is satisfactorily controlled the lateral deflection, minimize the impact on the adjacent building structures and is also cost effective. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characterization of Argillaceous Slate and Optimization of Supporting System for a Deep Excavation CHEN Tengfei, ZHANG Keneng 2017, 31 (2):  143-148.  Abstract ( 1412 )   Save Argillaceous slate is a typical soft rock which is commonly encountered in urban Changsha area. The stratigraphic and lithologic characteristics of the slate might also be the main sources of the construction safety hazard. This paper presents a case study of the deep excavation project within the argillaceous slate soft rock. The subsurface lithology is briefly introduced and an improved design of the original soldier pile with the ground anchor is also presented. The deformation analysis was performed at the location with least safety factor. The construction monitoring data indicates that the deformation of the excavated area was satisfactory. Related Articles | Metrics

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Foundation Type Selection for High-Rise Building in the Yellow River Alluvial Plain of Jinan JIANG Wenfu 2017, 31 (2):  149-153.  Abstract ( 918 )   Save A proposed highrise building is located in the typical subsurface strata of Jinan Yellow River alluvial plain. To select the appropriate foundation types for the various structures, a wide range of foundation types are evaluated based on the site specific conditions throughout the site geotechnical exploration results as well as the structural requirements of the building. It is concluded that the CementFly AshGravel (CFG) columns and the prestressed, precast reinforced concrete cylindrical pipe pile are the most appropriate foundation types. These foundation types provides an economical solution to the building construction in similar sites in Jinan. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Combining with PBA Method and the Top-Down Bored -Excavation with Cast-in-Situ Arch for the Underground Construction HUANG Xiaofang, JIA Zhixuan, ZHANG Nian 2017, 31 (2):  154-156.  Abstract ( 1376 )   Save The common construction methods and their characteristics and applicability of underground construction engineering are introduced in this paper. A new underground construction method, which is the combination of traditional PileBeamArch (PBA) method and improved “TopDown Bored Excavation with CastinSitu Arch” method for the Liberation Boulevard Subway Station Project in Changchun, is introduced. The new construction method is compared with other conventional construction methods and the results indicates that, it has the advantages in construction efficiency, cost effectiveness and ground subsidence control over the traditional PBA method. The new method has the special advantage in the urban underground construction with poor subsurface conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Supporting Methods Comparison for a Deep Excavation Project in Wuhan YAN Wenping 2017, 31 (2):  157-160.  Abstract ( 1230 )   Save The general guide lines for the deep excavation supporting project design should be safe, serve for the purposes, environmental friendly, apply the appropriate construction method, and more importantly, be cost effective. Based on the adjacent constraint and site geotechnical and hydrological conditions, this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the three different excavation supporting methods, namely, secant piles; reuseable prestressed ground anchor with secant pile; and reinforced concrete internal support. It is concluded that the prestressed ground anchor with secant pile method is better over other two methods since it creates larger construction space so that the construction schedule could be met and it is also more cost effective than other methods. Related Articles | Metrics

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Buoyancy Resistance Design of a Three-Story Underground Subway -Station in the First Terrace of Yangtze River LI Jianjun 2017, 31 (2):  161-165.  Abstract ( 1371 )   Save This paper presents the buoyancy resistance design results for a threestory underground subway station in the first terrace of Yangtze River. Common mistakes in the buoyancy resistance estimation are also discussed. The resultant critical values in the buoyancy analysis are obtained under three different conditions: only selfweight of the station structure, weight of the main and the ancillary structures as well as the selfweight and the side friction of all structures.  These crucial values are thickness of the additional weight, thickness of the overburden soil, width of the station structure, length of the toe of the retaining wall, length of the uplifting pile and the spacing of the weep holes on the side walls. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Triggering Mechanism of the Large Scale Landslide in Clayey Soils DONG Xiaojuan1, XIN Peng2 2017, 31 (2):  166-171.  Abstract ( 1320 )   Save The large scale clayey soil landslides are frequently occurred in the middle and lower reaches of Wei River. The historical Bojishan Landslide is located at the north slope of urban Baoji City.  As one of the high risk landslides monitored by Bureaus of Land Resources of both Baoji City and Shanxi Province, this ancient landslide has been observed having a long term rheological deformation and is justified to have high sliding probability. In order to accurately interpret the monitored data and predict the trend of the slope movement, the sliding zone, its dimension as well as the deformation pattern need to be evaluated. The comprehensive sliding zone investigation consisted of characterizing of the soil surface soil, rock and groundwater conditions through the test boring program. The mineral component, physical and mechanical properties of the sliding zone are also evaluated. The following results are concluded: 1) The sliding zone of Bojishan Landslide is within the high clay content stratum of Claystone of Sanmen Formation. The observed progressive rheological movements are also in this soil stratum. 2) The clay mineral component in the sliding zone consists predominantly of montmorillonite with strong fissuring and expansion characteristics. Under the action of the groundwater, the soil stratum is fissured and a continuous shearing zone could be formed and therefore triggering the sliding. Related Articles | Metrics

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Site Stability Evaluation of a Mined-out Area in the Shaodong Gypsum Mine LONG Haobo1, ZHANG Keneng1, HU Xiaolin2 2017, 31 (2):  172-174.  Abstract ( 1128 )   Save A site stability evaluation on the mined out area was performed in order to study the ground subsidence as well as the principal stress change in both the roof and the bottom of a gypsum mine before and after the mined out area. The gypsum mining process was able to be simulated by establishing a threedimensional finite element model using MIDAS/GTS. The results indicate that the maximum vertical displacement at the roof and the bottom of the minedout area are 17.0 mm and 11.8 mm, respectively. The maximum principal stress is 11.75 MPa. All values are within the allowable range. The mining monitoring results and the bore holes demonstrated the consistency among between the simulated values and the measured. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Single Row Sliding Resistant Caisson Considering the Casing Effect LI Hengyang1,2 2017, 31 (2):  175-179.  Abstract ( 1124 )   Save A threedimensional finite element analysis of sliding resistant caissoncasing and slope was performed for the evaluation of the effect of the casing. The factor of safety of the slope, deformation of the caisson as well as the stress in the caisson were analyzed with different sections of the caisson and the casings. The results indicate that: 1) High factory of safety can be found in the circular cased caissons, compared that of cased square caissons. 2) Casing results in the redistribution of the stress and can carry portion of shear and bending moment. Therefore, the effect of casing should be considered in the landslide mitigation design. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of the Strength Reduction Method in the Stability Evaluation of a Syncline Rock Slope PENG Wenxiang, XU Zhi, LIU Yaqin, JIANG Han 2017, 31 (2):  180-182.  Abstract ( 1176 )   Save Due to the heterogeneity, discontinuity and rheology of the rock mass, the strength parameter determination of the layered rock mass for the rock slope evaluation has many uncertainties. The internal friction angle and the cohesion are the two major strength parameters in the rock slope engineering practice. However, they do not have enough representation for the syncline rock slopes. As a result, the appropriate strength reduction is critical to the success of slope stability evaluations. This paper established the finite element meshes using ANASYS and the numerical simulation was performed by FLAC3D using the strength reduction approach. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Analysis on the Effect of Large Deep Excavation on the Metro Station Excavation XI Peng, CAO Dezhan 2017, 31 (2):  183-187.  Abstract ( 1137 )   Save This paper presents the numerical analysis results on the effect of a large deep excavation on the Metro station excavation using a commercial finite element software FLAC3D. The subsidence as well as the stress in the ground adjacent to the excavation, the deformation and the stress distribution in the supporting structure are investigated. The results indicate that the deep excavation can affect the performance of the Metro station foundation excavation. At locations close to both excavations, large ground subsidence and the stress in the supporting structures are expected but these values are within the acceptable zone. Related Articles | Metrics

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Discrete Element Simulation of Direct Shear Tests of Sandy Silt Soils JIANG Yao1, LI Yanjie1, XU Yong2 2017, 31 (2):  188-192.  Abstract ( 1049 )   Save The direct shear behavior of soil is important to the design of the mining and the agroforestry machinery. In this study, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is adopted for the numerical investigation of the direct shear test on the sandy silt soils. The soil particles are represented by spheres of different sizes; the interaction between particles is simulated with the linear contact model; and the parallel bond model (PMB) is used to simulate adhesive interaction. To calibrate and validate the numerical model and the parameters used in this study, the shear strength values under different vertical load varying from 100kPa to 400kPa with those of the standard soil direct shear tests were compared. It is found that the DEM numerical results and the experimental results are in a good agreement. In addition, the particle movement during the shearing process was also studies; the influences of the shearing box shape, shearing velocity and normal load to the shearing curve and porosity of particle bed are also discussed in detail in the paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction of Dam Settlement Using Empirical and Exponential Creep Models HU Xiyan, PENG Huanyun, LI Jianzhong 2017, 31 (2):  193-196.  Abstract ( 1160 )   Save In order verify the effect of the grout improvement and to ensure the operation safety of the Caitugou Dam of Shenmu County, Yulin City in Shaanxi Province, the automatic monitoring system was used to monitor the long term settlement at the spillway tunnel. The monitored data were also used to evaluate the stability of the dam foundation. Both the empirical creep model and the exponential creep model are used in fitting the observed dam settlement data. The results indicate that both models can provide satisfactory results for the settlement prediction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Control Mechanism of Tectonic Evolution to the Forming Process of a Salt Mine in Hongze Sag ZHOU Shaorong1, WANG Zhijie1, LIU Zhaocheng1, SHI Xilin2 2017, 31 (2):  197-200.  Abstract ( 1032 )   Save Hongze sag in Subei basin experienced multiple geological effects, and deposited a large amount of salt mine in Zhaoji subsag. The study on the control mechanism of the tectonic evolution to the forming process of the salt mine is significant to the mining and utilization of the salt mine. It is found that the tectonic evolution of the Hongze sag is important to the forming progress of these salt mines. The tectonic evolution not only controls the forming and the development of the salt basin, but also has a direct impact on the salt material sources, brine distribution, salt deposition and distribution. The tectonic evolution controls the forming, development and the subduction process of the saline lake. The sag also protects the integrity of the salt mine. Based on the above analysis, the salt basin has a good trap characteristics, which can satisfy the basic geological conditions of forming underground oil/gas storage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hazards Characterization and Stability Evaluation of the Yanzi River Basin Landslides CHEN Wanli1, LIU Jinhui1, YANG Qiang2 2017, 31 (2):  201-205.  Abstract ( 1048 )   Save The landslide hazards of the Yanzi River Basin were systematically investigated by the field reconnaissance and geological drilling methods. The development characteristics of these landslides were evaluated from the locations of the occurrence, morphology, the landslide structure and material components aspects. The stability evaluation was performed at a typical landslide (Third Community of Dujiayuan Slide) under the normal condition as well as the extreme conditions, such as heavy rains and earthquake. The results indicate that, under the heavy precipitation condition, the slope is not stability and the potential slide might occur. Related Articles | Metrics

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State-Of-the-Art of the Stress Relaxation Tests and Constitutive Model Research YANG Ping1,2, SONG Li1, XUE Shoubao1, JIANG Tao1 2017, 31 (2):  206-210.  Abstract ( 1370 )   Save Effects of the soil rheology on the longterm performance of engineering project is an important factor that cannot be ignored. And the stress relaxation, as a typical rheology phenomenon, has already attracted the attention of many researches. In the paper, studies on stress relaxation tests, influence factors of the stress relaxation and the constitutive models are evaluated and discussed. The available literatures suggest that the current theories on the stress relaxation of the soils are not fully developed. Specifically, the constitutive models are difficult to be applied due to the too many variables to be determined. Whereas, the empirical formulas are lack of theoretical basis. As a result, the direction of the research should be as follows: optimization analysis of the stress relaxation and the stress relaxation of lateral stress on the different retaining structures. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bearing Capacity of Soft Cohesive Soils in Southwest Shandong WANG Jiwen1, QIN Chao2, XI Wenyong1 2017, 31 (2):  211-213.  Abstract ( 971 )   Save The soft cohesive soil in Southwest Shandong Province has characteristics of low strength and high compressibility. It is critically important to accurately evaluate its strength and deformation properties for the engineered structures and facilities. This paper presents a soft soil bearing capacity and shear strength evaluation case history of a high voltage power transmission line project over Shandong Southwest soft cohesive soil areas. Different testing and evaluation method were used in the investigation and the appropriate bearing capacity values were recommended. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Tunnel Shielding Segments in Deeply Buried Soft Rock SUN Feng 2017, 31 (2):  214-216.  Abstract ( 1129 )   Save Due to its large rigidity of the tunnel shielding segment using the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) excavation construction, the segment structure might experience an excessive stress concentration in the highly stressed zone of deeply buried soft rock mass. In the TBM excavation of the Taigemiao Inclined Shaft of Shehua Xinjie project, the deformation characteristics of the shielding segment in the highly stressed zone of soft rock mass is evaluated. A new evaluation method which is the combination of characteristic curve method and load structure method is proposed for the conservative and more realistic analysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Micro Structure of the Cohesive Soil using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technique WANG Hui1, WEI Changfu2, TIAN Huihui2 2017, 31 (2):  217-221.  Abstract ( 1272 )   Save In this paper, the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies were conducted on the cohesive soils samples with the same moisture content but different dry density as well as the same dry density and different moisture contents. The influence of different soil states on the microstructure of the cohesive soil are investigated. The results show that the saturated cohesive soil samples with lower density have more large sized pores. The dry density has a great influence on the largesized pore structure of the cohesive soils. The initial moisture content will affect the smallsized pore structure of the saturated clay. In addition, by comparing the results of the NMR tests with the mercury intrusion porosimetry tests, it is concluded that, two different approaches lead to the similar results. Both approaches can adequately reflect the micro pore structure of the cohesive soils. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental Study of the Influence of Constraint Effect of the Hot Rolled Steel Beam on the SoilCement Mixed Columns CHEN Jing 1, DING Yong 1, YU She 1, LI Ligong 1, ZHOU Keming 2,3 2017, 31 (2):  222-225.  Abstract ( 1149 )   Save The soilcement mixed column inserted with hot rolled steel beam as supporting structure has received wide applications in the deep excavation projects. The current laboratory test method of determining the strength of the composite structure does not consider the constraint effect of the hot rolled steel beam on the strength improvement of the soilcement mixed column. The strength underestimation of the composite structure might result in an overconservative design and the cost effectiveness of this structure might not be fully utilized. To investigation the impact of the constraint induced by the hot rolled steel beam on the soilcement mixed wall, various laboratory tests on composite structure with and without beam constraints were performed and the stiffness variation curves were obtained. Related Articles | Metrics

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Direct Shear Mechanical Characteristics of the Calcareous Coral Sand LI Jinge1, KUANG Hui2 2017, 31 (2):  226-230.  Abstract ( 1219 )   Save The coral clastic calcareous sand generally consists of the remains of marine organism, which is different from the common quartz sand. It has the characteristics of low strength, irregular shape, internal porosity and easy fragmentation. The axial stress, shearing rate and the sample grain size distribution on the mechanical properties of the calcareous sand were investigated on the coral sand samples from Yongshu Reef, South China Sea. The results indicate that, the calcareous sand has the shear softening property, that is, the strain softening is observed after the stress pasts its peak values. This softening reaches stable after a large strain. With the reduction of the shearing rate and the increase of the axial stress, the sample shear strength will increase and the more particle breakage and the less dilatancy of the sample are observed. With the increase of coarse grains in the sample, the shear strength and the particle breakage increase and reach the peak values at the percentage of particles weight greater than 5 mm of 65.14%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mohr-Coulomb Strength Parameter Tests in Triaxial Shearing Testing Device QIAN Wei1, ZHANG Zohui2,3 2017, 31 (2):  231-232.  Abstract ( 1280 )   Save With the development of the near shore engineering projects, the calcareous sand has been widely used as an important construction material. The strength properties of the calcareous sand is critical to the engineering design and construction. This paper presents the triaxial test results on the calcareous sand samples prepared at the same dry density but under different confining pressures. The shear strength parameters are obtained for the design and construction of marine facilities in the coral sand soils. Related Articles | Metrics

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Interface Friction Characteristics of Soil and Compacted Soil-Cement-Mixed Columns HE Jie, WANG Ren, GAO Jianxi 2017, 31 (2):  233-236.  Abstract ( 1018 )   Save The compacted soil-cement mixed column is a typical friction type of column and is commonly used in the treatment of large area of soft soils. To investigate factors that might impact the interface contact characteristics of the column-soil, a series of direct shear tests were conducted. These factors are: cement content, soil moisture content, normal stress on the side of the column and curing age. The test results indicate that there is an optimum cement-soil ratio for the side friction behavior. The interface shear influence zone correlates with the normal stress and the international friction angle. The curing age will affect the cohesion and the internal friction angle and therefore, improves the shear strength of the interface. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental Tests of the Mechanical Properties Contrast of Red Mud MA Haineng, NIU Junxian 2017, 31 (2):  237-239.  Abstract ( 1159 )   Save The red mud has the characteristics of high water content and strong alkaline. The one dimensional consolidation tests under seepage condition provided by a standing PVC pipe. The test samples were prepare with two different conditions: Bayer Method and Mixing Method. The results indicate that, when the moisture content is less than a threshold value, the coefficient of compressibility decreases with the unit weight and the compression modulus, cohesion and the international friction angle increase with the unit weight. Whereas, when the moisture content exceeds the threshold value, an opposite trend can be found. These factors have weak correlations with the coefficient of the seepage. When the samples are prepared by the Mixing Method, an opposite trend with the unit weight are demonstrated. It is concluded that the threshold moisture is the turning point of the mechanical properties of the artificially prepared red mud. The paper propose the method of determining the threshold moisture content and the seepage range of different red mud are also suggested. Related Articles | Metrics

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Intelligent Highway Safety Monitoring and Rock Fall Hazard Warning XU Jianqiang1,2, YANG Jianguo1,2, YAN Zongling1,2, CHAI Hejun1,2, HUANG He1,2 2017, 31 (2):  240-243.  Abstract ( 1201 )   Save Numerous unstable rock mass with the rock fall potential are inevitably created during the highway construction. The rockfall hazards, which are developed from the unstable rock mass, play a critical role to the safe and effective highway operation. The highway safety monitoring and rock fall hazard warning that can minimizing the loss of life and property are important topics for highway engineering practitioners. The highway related hazards have the characteristics of wide distribution, small scale, small deformation, sudden occurrence and large consequences. As a result, the highway safety monitoring system should have the advantage of low cost, long duration, high precision and high accuracy. In this paper, the systematic safety monitoring system is composed of noncontact surface displacement monitoring method using the laser ranging method. The crack and macroscopic deformation monitoring method and the monitoring of the unstable rock mass using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technique are also proposed. The sound and light alarm devices are proposed to inform vehicles regarding the rockfall hazard information in order to minimize the consequence damage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Moisture Content on the Calcareous Sand Strength Parameters under Direct Shear Conditions ZHANG Zaohui, SHAN Jipeng, CAO Meng 2017, 31 (2):  244-246.  Abstract ( 1131 )   Save The mechanical properties of the calcareous sand are different from those of quartz sand or land origin. The shear strength is an important index that is widely used in the engineering practice. The direct shear test is a common laboratory strength test method for calcareous soils. The TKADSS4 type direct shear test equipment was used for the testing of calcareous sand samples with the same dry density and different moisture contents. The influence of moisture content on the shear strength was investigated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Steel Slag in Various Soil Improvement Projects LI Qiannan1, ZHANG Li2 2017, 31 (2):  247-248.  Abstract ( 1108 )   Save This paper introduces the application of steel slag in various soil improvement projects. The objective of using the steel slag is to find viable ways of consuming steel slags and the waste fill space can be minimized. Related Articles | Metrics