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20 June 2016, Volume 30 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Engineering Application of Center Island Method in Super Large Deep Foundation Pit of Soft Soil LIU Chao1, XU Zuoping2, LIANG Zhenning1 2016, 30 (3):  281-284.  Abstract ( 1232 )   Save Based on a very large deep excavation in Shanghai, this article provides a detailed introduction of design, construction technology and process of the central island retaining system in soft soils. The paper specifically discusses the key issues and solutions of the designconstruction process of the retaining system. The introduction provides a valuable design/construction experience for the similar projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and Remediation for Cracking of Sidewalls of Open-excavated Underway Tunnel LIU Zhigang1,2, LI Zhihong1,2 2016, 30 (3):  285-287.  Abstract ( 1680 )   Save The cracking on the concrete sidewalls of cut and cover tunnels, very long subway stations and very deep basements of building is always one of the frequently occurred issues during the construction. This paper discusses factors that causing cracks on the sidewalls. The case history of different measures on controlling cracks on a cut and cover tunnel are presented and the results are compared. Cracking mitigation methods are also recommended. Related Articles | Metrics

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Applications of Combined Steel Sheet Pile Support in Municipal Deep Excavations of Wuhan YU Dunmeng 2016, 30 (3):  288-290.  Abstract ( 1172 )   Save The conventional supporting system in the deep excavation for municipal projects in Wuhan is using the castinplace reinforced concrete pile with internal support or soil mixing wall (SMW) with internal support. Both methods usually lead to a high cost and long construction period. And the natural recharge and seepage path of the groundwater will be adversely affected. If the combined steel sheet piles with internal supporting are used, it is technically feasible and have merits to both cost and construction schedule. The combined steel sheet piles system can be completely recycled without affecting on the seepage path or natural recharge after the construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Soldier Pile and Soil Nailed Wall System in a Deep Excavation Project CHEN Guanghai, YUAN Fuchang 2016, 30 (3):  291-293.  Abstract ( 1252 )   Save Deep excavation projects are usually involve many uncertainties. It is therefore requiring effective and safe supporting system. Currently, soldier pile and soil nailed wall are commonly used as the deep excavation supporting system. This paper presents a case history of a deep excavation project using the combination of soldier pile and soil nailed wall as the supporting system. Different excavation areas were successfully supported by either soldier pile or soil nailed walls. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of the Combination of Steel Beam in Soil Cement Mixed Diaphragm Wall in the Deep Excavations QIAN Zhaoyang1， NI Huibing2 2016, 30 (3):  294-297.  Abstract ( 1314 )   Save The paper briefly described the basic aspects of the combination of steel beams in the soilcement mixed diaphragm wall and its advantages. A case history of this combination in the deep excavation is presented. The results indicate that the combination of steel beam in the soilcement mixed wall has an obvious cost benefits as well as the spatial advantage over other types of supporting systems. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction Monitoring and Optimization of a Deep Excavation YAN Ting1， HUANG Xueyang2 2016, 30 (3):  298-302.  Abstract ( 1281 )   Save Utilizing the real time monitored deep excavation data to optimize the support system design scheme and to guide the construction are widely discussed among practitioners. This paper presents the construction monitoring results of the deep excavation support of a vertical shaft for a shielded tunnel construction in Guangzhou. The groundwater variation, deformation of the supporting system, as well as the disturbance to the adjacent environments were monitored. The monitoring results indicated that the deformation in the original supporting system was very small and the optimization of the supporting system was investigated. Three dimensional numerical analysis was performed with the calibrated data. As a result of applying the monitored data guiding the consequence construction, one layer of the horizontal steel struts was eliminated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Failure Mode Analysis and Stability Evaluation of an Unstable Rock Mass with Complex Structure ZHANG Jianzhong1, LIU Faxiang2 2016, 30 (3):  303-306.  Abstract ( 1373 )   Save This paper presents a case history of applying envelop design approach for the evaluation of a potentially unstable W7 rock mass in Jiazhou, Tongren. Various failure modes are analyzed and the stability of the rock mass are evaluated with reliable and matured rock mechanics and structural mechanics methods. The mitigation design was based on the analysis results. After five years of operation, it is proved that the stability design and mitigation are reasonable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Uplifting Anchors in Cohesive Soils HU Dongdong, WANG Guanlei, LI Jiangmin 2016, 30 (3):  307-310.  Abstract ( 1298 )   Save As an effective measures for balancing the buoyancy of the underground structures, the uplift anchors are widely used in the design and construction of basements for large building structures. However, no design and construction specifications available for the uplift anchors. This paper discusses the design and construction of uplifting anchors in cohesive soils from a case history. The capacity of the uplift anchor was full scale tested on site and the method of determining the ultimate uplift capacity was also suggested. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dewatering of Metro Excavation under Complicated Subsurface Conditions HU Huanchi 2016, 30 (3):  311-315.  Abstract ( 1167 )   Save An underground metro transfer station of Suzhou Rail Transit has two islands and four parallel lines. The total length of this station is 763.2 meters and it connects in the north and south side to both openexcavation metro lines. Due to the length this station, variations in soil strata with significant properties are observed. The treatment of artesian groundwater in three deep excavations at the station are different. Based on the different excavation depths, adjacent environment and the distribution of the artesian layers, diaphragm wall was used as the cutoff the artesian water supply and to reduce the water head. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of a Highway Tunnel through an Active Fault Zone PAN Qing1, DUAN Jianxin2, GUAN Guiping1, XIE Mingyu1 2016, 30 (3):  316-319.  Abstract ( 1213 )   Save This paper presents a case history of the analysis and design of a highway tunnel through an active fault zone. The tunnel was modelled through the combinations of geological investigations and numerical analysis. The engineering geology, hydrological as well as geotechnical aspects of the proposed tunnel were studied from the high rock mass stress and high activity of the fault point of view. The impact of displacement magnitude of the fault zone on the composite tunnel lining structures, as well as the deformation of the tunnel are numerically simulated. The criteria for the tunnel deformation failure are classified. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanically Stabilized Earth with Pile Supported Gabion Wall Face for Platforms in Mountain Areas YAN Jun 2016, 30 (3):  320-323.  Abstract ( 1213 )   Save High embankments and large cut slopes are frequently encountered in the railway construction in the mountain areas. Especially, for locations such as platform for stations, where the bridge and tunnel structures are not feasible, fill embankments are frequently used and retaining walls will be required. In the retaining all structure design, in addition to the stability, the drainage, river bank protection, potential scour, and it impact on the retaining structures should be considered. Finally, the compatible with the adjacent environment is also an important factor. The pile supported gabion faced MSE walls can meet these requirements. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Compaction Energy on the Degrees of Compaction LI Kejun 1, REN Weixin 1, QIAN Yelin 1,2, GAO Haiyun 3, WANG Yixian 1 2016, 30 (3):  324-327.  Abstract ( 1564 )   Save By conducting compaction test with three different compaction standards, the compaction properties of a typical soil were studied. Three compaction standards have the same total compaction energy per unit volume but with different single compaction work. The compaction curve and change of the density of soil sample were obtained by measuring thickness, moisture content, density and dry density of each layer. Finally, the effect of the compaction energy on the result of compaction test was obtained. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Comparisons of H shaped Anti-Landslide Caissons with Circular and Rectangular Sections LI Hengyang1,2, DAI Zihang1, LU Caijin3 2016, 30 (3):  328-332.  Abstract ( 1698 )   Save The finite element model of H shaped antilandslide caissons with circular and rectangular sections were respectively established using the project information of Pucheng Expressway. The soilcaisson interaction effect are analyzed and the sliding band was simulated using strength reduction method. The two different section caissons are numerically compared. The results indicate that, under the same section area and embedment depth, circular caisson have a better performance over that of caissons with rectangular sections. Therefore, less reinforcement bars can be used in the circular caisson. The H shaped caisson can transfer the thrust at the rare caisson to the front one through the soil in between the caissons, in addition to the load transfer through the connecting beam. However, this soilstructure interaction effect was not considered in the simplified design. The results also indicate that the antilandslide caissons have no significant advantage by using the high strength concrete. The thickness of the connection beam cannot to be too thick and the optimum section 〖JP2〗height is between 0.5 and 1.0 caisson diameter. Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil Using Settlement Curve LIU Guiqiang 2016, 30 (3):  333-336.  Abstract ( 1689 )   Save This paper presents a method of estimating the ultimate bearing capacity of soils using the load-settlement curve. Four different data normalization methods are used in the data processing in order to discuss the effect of each method on the location of the curve inflection point. In addition, three methods that are used in the ultimate capacity estimation are investigated and the statistical characterization of each curve fitting method is also discussed. The results indicate that, the hyperbolic curve model can better fit the tested loadsettlement data. For a set of data, the ultimate bearing capacity values obtained by curve inflection method, settlement curve fitting method and parameter method are increasing. The best method is settlement curve fitting method. If the accurate location of the inflection point needs to be determined, the normalization of the tested data is necessary. Then, the curve fitting method can be applied. The probabilistic analysis shows that there are strong negative correlation between the two curve fitting parameters of hyperbolic model of loadsettlement curves. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of Pile Spacing on Punching Shear Capacity of Rectangular Pile Caps LI Xiaolong, ZHANG Jianlong 2016, 30 (3):  337-340.  Abstract ( 1317 )   Save In order to thoroughly understand the calculation of punching shear capacity of pile caps, the impact of pile spacing on punching shear capacity of the rectangular pile cap have been discussed based on mathematical method and the literatures. The upper bound solution and lower bound solution are used in the explanation. The results indicate that the punching shear capacity decrease with the increase of pile spacing when the size of the pile cap meet a certain condition. In the calculation of code for design, punching shear capacity contains only the concrete shear of shearcompression zone of inclined section, and the calculation formula can understand by use of the concept of the nominal shear stress of the pile cap punching. The decline of punching shear capacity is due to the change of the destruction pattern of inclined section form shear compression failure to diagonal tension failure. Based on the spatial strutandtie theory on punching failure of pile caps, the decline of punching shear capacity is due to the increase of the load carried by the strut within the punching shear cone, which make the shearcompression zone at the top and bottom of the inclined cracks failure more easily. Related Articles | Metrics

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Parametric Study of  p~y Curve of Marine Sand DI Shengjie1, LI Xiaomin2, XU Xueyong1, ZHANG Kun3 2016, 30 (3):  341-344.  Abstract ( 1292 )   Save Parametric studies were performed on the factors that affect the p~y curves that used for the marine sandy soils. The targets are the displacement and rotation on the pile head, maximum bending moment, maximum shear force in the pile and soil reaction on the pile, etc. The results indicate that the internal friction angle and the pile stiffness EI are the sensitive factors. The effective unit weight is the non-sensitive factor. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability Analysis on a Large Span Doubled Arch Expressway Tunnel RUAN Jinfa 2016, 30 (3):  345-348.  Abstract ( 1165 )   Save This paper presents the numerical analysis and construction monitoring results of a sixlane double arch expressway tunnel. The surrounding rock mass deformation and the stress in the supporting structures are estimated by numerical analysis and verified throughout the construction monitoring. The results indicate that, during the tunnel excavation, the largest deformation and the highest stressed locations are at the top of median wall and the outer wall at both sides. As a results, special strengthening design is required at these locations. In soft soils, the median wall of the double arch tunnel might experience heaving and improvement measures are necessary. Related Articles | Metrics

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Supporting Design of Manually Excavated Caissons HE Shanshan, WANG Xianneng 2016, 30 (3):  349-351.  Abstract ( 1540 )   Save This paper presents a supporting system design method for the manually excavation caissons. The earth pressure distributions in the manually excavated caissons are analyzed and the supporting reinforced concrete thickness can be estimated. The reinforcement bar design example was provide in the paper by using an excavation project in Shenzhen. Triangular lateral earth pressure distribution can be found up to five meters below the ground. After this depth, a constant lateral earth pressure can be assumed. The reinforcement table for various caisson diameters is also provided in the paper. Further, due to the arch effect of the caisson, these parameters are conservative and could adjusted to smaller values.\= Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the engineering geological and collapsible characteristics of saline soil in Xinjiang DONG Bin1, LI Zhibo2, FU Huicheng3, MA Chao4, ZHOU Qi4 2016, 30 (3):  352-354.  Abstract ( 1346 )   Save Wetting collapse induced subsidence and freezing induced heave are the common hazards of engineered facilities in saline soils. This paper presents the investigation results of saline soils in Xinjiang Uygur Mannas region. The both field and laboratory tests were performed in order to characterize the wetting collapse and other geotechnical properties. The results indicate that, the soluble salt contents in the saline soils varies from 0.421% to 1.989% and it belongs to medium saline soil. The wetting collapse mainly belongs to the nonselfweight collapse type. The degree of collapse can be categorized as minor to severe. The nonselfweight collapse is Class I (minor) and the selfweight collapse can be classified as Class IV (strong). The average initial pressure is 71.1 kPa. Engineering Mitigation suggestions are also provided in the paper based on investigation results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and Construction of a Gas Pipeline in Frozen Soils XIE Duoling 2016, 30 (3):  355-357.  Abstract ( 1186 )   Save This paper presents a case history of design and construction of a gas pipeline in frozen soils. The paper first introduces the distribution and engineering properties of frozen soils. The potential hazard of pipelines over the frozen soils and their mitigation measures are then proposed. For engineered facilities in frozen soils, proper geotechnical investigations are necessary in order to characterize the frozen soils and their engineering properties. In general, pipelines should not be installed in soils with seasonal freezes and thaws. In the freeze expansion zone, the pipeline should be backfilled with nonfrost heave materials such as, coarse or medium sands, slags or crushed stones. The surface runoff water should be prevented to flow into the excavated trenches. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Impact of the Tunnel Construction under the Existing railway GUO Manyi 2016, 30 (3):  358-361.  Abstract ( 1416 )   Save This paper presents a case history of the impact of shielded tunnel excavation on the Jiaoji Rail line embankment and viaduct structures. The displacement of the viaduct and the subsidence of the embankment are predicted by the numerical analysis. The shielding design scheme could be adjusted by the analysis results. The numerical analysis indicate that, both the ground subsidence and the pile vertical displacement are met the requirement of maximum 15 mm. The soil improvement on the soil above the shielded zone can meet the construction requirement. Related Articles | Metrics

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Driving Criteria for Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Square Piles WANG Wei1,2,3, LIU Jingjing1,3, SONG Pengbo1, HAO Yanpeng1, ZHENG Yunfeng1,3, QIAO Yongli1 2016, 30 (3):  362-364.  Abstract ( 1725 )   Save In the installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete square pile practice, the driving criteria are usually primarily controlled by the tip elevation and the pile penetration rates are the secondary indices. In the practical engineering, due to the over emphasis of the total penetration length and the elevation, the pile heads are usually cracked and piles might be damaged. This project presents a penetration control formula based on the Hiley Approach. The WEAP analysis was performed and the results were satisfactory. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary Investigation of Environmental Geology in Wulian County, Shandong Province CHEN Ye1, WANG Lijun2， YUAN Dalei2, WANG Lixin3， LIU Dong2, XIA Lihua2 2016, 30 (3):  365-367.  Abstract ( 1239 )   Save With the development of the social and economy, the environmental geology becomes one of the more and more urgent issues to be resolved. Especially, in the remote villages, the livestock farming industry and other industrial activity induced groundwater contamination, reduction of groundwater quality and the reduction of the drinking water resources are common examples. In addition, the mining induced loss of surface soil cover and vegetation will potentially trigger the landslide and other geohazards. This paper presents the comprehensive introduction of environmental geology in Wulian County, Shandong Province. Related Articles | Metrics

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Falling Rock Resistant Estimation on Tunnel Liner in Karstic Rock Caverns CHEN Zhongxue1, QIAN Wei2, LI Wenguang1, REN Tao3 2016, 30 (3):  367-371.  Abstract ( 1221 )   Save The common geological hazards in construction of tunnels in karst terrain are: karst rock cavern, underground river, groundwater gush and sudden mud flow etc. These hazards often induce significant difficulties and prolonged construction schedule. This paper presents a case history of mitigation measures used in a very large karst rock cavern in Chengkou to Wanyuan Expressway project. The tunnel liner consider the impact loading of from rock falls. Related Articles | Metrics

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Concrete Pouring Quality Control for Large Section and High Flow Rate Hydrological Tunnels FEI Botao1, YANG Xiaohua1, LI Shikai1, DONG Qian2 2016, 30 (3):  372-374.  Abstract ( 1319 )   Save The flow surface of the spillway in the hydrological electricity project will be subjected to high water flow rate and requires high resistance to the surface wearing of the concrete lining structures. This paper presents and construction technique of the pouring of the concrete lining structure of Houziyan Hydrological Electricity Project. The permeable form cloth was used inside the mobile steel forms and the concrete was cured with different additives. The work verified that the application of the permeable form cloth and the concrete additives in the poring of the wearing surfaces of the hydrological structures. Related Articles | Metrics

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Metro Shielded Excavation through Empty Mine Gullies WANG Hekun 2016, 30 (3):  375-379.  Abstract ( 1310 )   Save Compared with other shielded tunnel excavation methods, the shielded excavation through empty gullies using mining method is more complicated and no similar construction technique could be followed. The construction becomes more complicated in groundwater rich with complicated tunnel alignments. This paper summarizes the construction procedures of shielded excavation through the empty gullies. Key technical points are discussed in details. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determinations of Shear Strength Parameters of Jointed Rock with Fuzzy Random Theory ZOU Fei1,2,3, TANG Xu1,4, FANG Zhengfeng1,4 2016, 30 (3):  380-382.  Abstract ( 1294 )   Save The shear strength parameters of jointed rock mas have the characteristics of fuzziness and randomness. In this paper, the possible values and their distribution pattern can be represented by an asymmetric triangular fuzzy formula. The fuzzy optimization can be achieved by using the area of the triangular function under certain region and using the weighted average of het possible strength parameter values as the targeted function. The truncated set level h of the asymmetric triangular fuzzy number can be determined through 3 sigma method. This provides a new approach for the optimization of the geotechnical engineering projects. The least square linear regression analysis indicate that his method can be reasonably applied in the practical projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Large Direct Shear Test between Soil and Concrete Interface DU Peng1,2, ZHANG Guodong3, LIU Xiaoling1 2016, 30 (3):  383-386.  Abstract ( 1251 )   Save The direct shear testing between the soil and contact structure interface is one of the efficient way of characterizing the contact properties of various materials. The interface testing device was modified from the conventional large scale direct shear testing equipment by separately preparing the concrete blocks at the bottom and the face blocks made with other soil material sample at the top. The interface direct shear tests were performed with various gravelly soils in Three Gorges area under different normal pressures and different moisture contents. The test results are satisfactory. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stress Path Tests on Saturated Wenzhou Soft Clays SHEN Juan1, ZENG Fangjin1, CAO Shugang1, DONG Aiqun2 2016, 30 (3):  387-390.  Abstract ( 1119 )   Save The Stress path tests on saturated Wenzhou soft clays were conducted on the GDS dynamic triaxial testing system with variable confining pressures. Tests are performed with the slope of the stress path is set to be 1/3 with different initial effective confining stress and with various stress paths. The test results indicate that, the nonlinear strain hardening phenomena can be observed in different initial effective confining pressures and different stress paths. With the increase of initial effective consolidation pressure, the strength of the soft clay increases. Under a stress path slope of 1/3, all soil hardening curves are similar. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental Study on the Shear Characteristics of an Unsaturated Loess TAI Jun 2016, 30 (3):  391-394.  Abstract ( 1119 )   Save The remolded loess samples from Weinan backfill sites were directed shear tested under various moisture contents. The results indicate that, under the same normal pressure, the shear strength of loess soil sample decreases with the moisture content increase. The cohesion initially increases with moisture content and decreases at higher water contents. The internal friction angle reduces with the increase of moisture content. The natural moisture content has large impact on the properties of remolded loess. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Sodium Carbonate on the Performance of Composite Slurries LIU Jingjing, Wang Wei, ZHANG Yingchun, ZHANG Peng, WANG Xiujiao, DONG Shuwei 2016, 30 (3):  395-398.  Abstract ( 1557 )   Save The influence of sodium carbonate on the composite slurry fluidity, setting time, crystallization rate and compressive strength were studied by experimental research, the optimal amount of sodium carbonate and procoagulant mechanism were explored. The result showed that: with the increase of sodium content, the fluidity reduced, setting time extended and then shortened, and compressive strength gradually decreased. The results showed that the best content of sodium carbonate was 5 percent, and liquidity decreases with the fastest time, shortest setting time and high stone rate, and it can meet the strength requirements. Sodium carbonate can eliminate the retarding effect of the cement plaster, accelerate the rate of hydration of cement and precipitate hydration products, so as to achieve quicksetting effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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Weathered Fine Aggregates from a Kaolinite Mineral Mine on Fast Setting Properties of Cement Mortar LIU Haifeng1, QIAN Wei2， ZHU Changqi1, WANG Xing1, LI Xiaogang3, WU Wenjuan1 2016, 30 (3):  399-402.  Abstract ( 1228 )   Save This paper described indoor physical and mechanical test for kaolinite mineral weathered sandy soil from Yushan county in Jiangxi province. The XRay Diffractomer (XRD) test showed that mineral composition of sandy soil is mainly composed by montmorillonite mineral, content of 35%. The Xray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF) test got the composition and content of elements of the sandy soil, including the content of aluminum in around 11%. In order to compare the quicksetting effect of the sand silt group with accelerator, mixed mortar test M10 grades were carried out. Test results show that the average of 7 d compressive strength of mixed mortar test block mixed with sandy soil fine group as plaster was higher than that mixed with accelerator when sandy soil and accelerator at the same proportion of gelatinous material. But the strength of the mortar was reduced when the cement ratio of sand soil increased. This illustrated that sandy soil can't completely replace cement as mortar gelatinous material, and the proportion should be considered according to the mixed mortar strength grade. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pressuremeters Tests in Disturbed Cohesive Soils YANG Shifei 2016, 30 (3):  403-406.  Abstract ( 893 )   Save It is practically important to characterize the strength and deformation of various disturbed soils. The state of the practice of studying the properties of disturbed soils are laboratory testing. However, laboratory tests have very limited repetitiveness. Some conventional insitu tests, such as, cone penetration tests (CPT) and vane shear tests (VST), can only obtain the strength parameters of disturbed soils and the deformation characteristics of these soils are not available. This paper presents the disturbed strength and deformation properties of the fourth, fifth and sixth layers of typical Shanghai cohesive soils by using prebored pressuremeters. The test results indicate that, an obvious strength decrease could be found in the disturbed soils in the initial pressure, the plastic pressure, as well as the pressuremeter modulus. In addition, the disturbance on the deformation property is also significant. The pressuremeter curves have significant different before and after the soil disturbance. The limit strain after soil disturbance reduces significantly. Related Articles | Metrics