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20 October 2015, Volume 29 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Deep Excavation Design and Construction of a City Square in Wuhan 2015, 29 (5):  1-3.  Abstract ( 1640 )   Save The deep excavation site for a City Square in Wuhan is located in the first physiographical terrace of Yangtze River. The characteristics of this project are large excavation depth; irregular in planview; restrictive adjacent environment; containing soft soils and complicated hydrological conditions. The design principals are focused on the safe, reliable, economical, ease to construct, and reasonable construction schedule. The excavation support design combine the unloading by soil removal, soldier piles and internal supports. The dewater techniques are seepage cut-off wall combined with well point dewatering device. During the excavation, the soil and sand piping at the excavated faces were properly treated. All these techniques ensured safe excavation and minimize the impact on the adjacent environment. The excavation monitoring results indicates that all of the monitored items are met the code and design requirements. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Application of Deep Mixing Method in Red Clay Soils JIANG Jinming 2015, 29 (5):  4-6.  Abstract ( 1281 )   Save Red clay is a widely distributed soil in Southern China. With the economic development in recent years, the demand for the bearing capacities for buildings with increasing height exceeds the capacity limit of the natural red clays. This paper presents a method that improving the bearing capacity of the red clay soil by using cement mixing. The design and construction aspects of the soil mixing in red clay are also introduced. The quality control measures during the construction are also proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Basic Characteristics and Analysis of Xiaochatou Landslide in the Reservoir Area FU Tiaojin， FANG Yanguo， LIANG Liang 2015, 29 (5):  7-10.  Abstract ( 1712 )   Save The Xiaochatou Landslide, which is the investigation focus of all potential slope instabilities within the reservoir area, was extensively evaluated. The site specific geological conditions, landslide formation mechanism and the deformation characteristics are investigated based on the geological survey, field test boring program as well as geophysical testing. The performance of the potential slide body and the front portion of the sliding portion are analyzed before and after the full pool conditions. The impact of the wave action induced by the slope instability and the temporary dam failure on the cofferdam during the construction are also evaluated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Supporting Techniques of the Metro Tunnel Excavated by Mining Method Crossing the Existing Expressway in the Complex Soil and Rock Strata BAI Wei 2015, 29 (5):  11-14.  Abstract ( 1437 )   Save With the urban development, the metro alignment selections have encountered an increasing difficulty in avoiding building and other structures and well as facilities on the ground. The chance of the metro tunnels under crossing the existing building structures are increasingly higher. At the same time, associated tunnel construction problems have to be dealt with. This paper presents a case history of the construction of the metro tunnel under crossing the existing expressway. This project is located between the Antuoshan Station and Nongling Station for the second bid package of the proposed Shenzhen Metro No. 7 Line. The subsurface conditions along the tunnel alignment is complicated with soft overburden soil underlying with the hard rock mass. The tunnel excavation supporting techniques considered the characteristics of the mining excavation method as well as the current code regarding the tunnel undercrossing existing structures. The safe operation of the existing Guangzhou-Shenzhen Expressway is ensured by using the surrounding rock mass grouting and deformation control technique. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of a Ship Lock WEI Liangliang, SUN Dengfeng 2015, 29 (5):  15-18.  Abstract ( 1463 )   Save The structure design and the global stability evaluation aspects of a ship lock are presented in this paper. The evaluation is performed by utilizing the engineering geological, hydrological conditions as well as the operational aspects of the targeted ship lock. The key aspects of the design are also introduced. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability Evaluation of the Zhucangdong Tunnel Entrance Slope in Gucheng-Zhuxi Expressway WANG HongMing1, LUO Hongming2,3, ZHANG Zhang4, WANG Jianping5 2015, 29 (5):  19-22.  Abstract ( 1349 )   Save The stability evaluation of the highway slopes has important roles in the cut slope optimization, improving the safety of the slope stability mitigation measures as well as the safe operation of the highways. The slope stability evaluation was performed for an entrance slope of Zhucangdong Tunnel in the GuchengZhuxi Expressway project by considering site geological and environmental conditions. In the meantime, the impact of the blasting vibration on the slope stability was also estimated. The analytical results indicate that the current slope is globally and marginally stable except for the local instabilities under the extreme conditions such as, heavy precipitation, seismic as well as excessive blasting induced vibrations. The mitigation recommendations include ground anchors plus some of the prestressed anchors at some locations. The flexible rock fall wire mesh nets are also recommended at broken rock mass areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Engineering Properties of Pliocene Mudstone in Xihe-Tianshui Section of Shitian Expressway XU Mingbin, CHEN Guoguo 2015, 29 (5):  23-25.  Abstract ( 1940 )   Save The Pliocene epoch mudstone in the XiheTianshui Section of Shitian Expressway in Gansu Province has the characteristics of newly geologically deposited, less degree of sedimentary and containing large amount of clay minerals so that this mudstone has the special engineering properties. This paper presents of the index, slaking, expansive and low strength properties of the mudstone and these properties provide the geotechnical bases for the design of roadways and structures in the area. The recommendations from this study can effectively reduce the geological related hazards induced by the adverse effect of mudstone. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the ColumnSupported Embankment Considering the Damage Effect on Geogrids LI Jineng, WU Kebao, HU Tuanwei, SHENG Yun 2015, 29 (5):  26-29.  Abstract ( 1425 )   Save Geogrid plays an important role in the design, construction and performance of the column supported embankments. In the practical projects, geogrid damage is often encountered due to the rollover of the construction compaction machine. The damage ratio is estimated starting from the laboratory testing. An ABAQUS three dimensional finite element analysis model is established to simulate the stiffness changes before and after the damage occurred. The analytical results indicate that a dramatic reduction of the geogrid capacity is expected after the damage and this damage should be considered in the design and construction of the future column supported embankments. Related Articles | Metrics

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Factors Causing Differential Settlements and the Mitigation Measures in the Transition Zone of Cut and Fill Area of a Sheet Pile Supported Embankment GU Bosen, WANG Jiaqiang 2015, 29 (5):  30-34.  Abstract ( 1535 )   Save 〖WT5”HZ〗Abstract\ 〖WTBZ〗The differential settlement after the construction is usually observed in the transition zone between the fill and cut area in a sheet pile supported embankment due to the differences in the physical and mechanical properties, consolidation time as well as density among the cut and fill areas. The different settlement in a sheet pile supported embankment is consisted of settlement in the consolidation settlement in the fill area, compression deformation under the self-weight and the plastic deformation under the vehicle loading. The tension cracks and failure will occur in the pavement when the large differential settlement is induced and the tension limits of the pavement is exceeded. The normal operation of the roadway will be adversely affected. The factors that affecting the differential settlement in the sheet pile supported embankment in the Mianhe Highway are presented in this paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Numerical Analysis of the Rainfall-Induced Seepage and Drainage System for a Residual Soil Slope SHEN Mengxing, FAN Xiufeng 2015, 29 (5):  35-38.  Abstract ( 1315 )   Save The precipitation is one of the important factors that triggering the slope failure. Therefore, a welldesigned drainage system is needed to manage the seepage flow and to stabilize the slope. The seepage characteristics and stability aspects of a typical residuum slope of granite origin under different drainage patterns are analyzed by using the saturated and unsaturated seepage theories. The results indicate that a critical precipitation intensity exists in the seepage drainage patterns. If the rainfall intensity is within this value, the maximum pore pressure at the shallow depth and the groundwater table are increasing with the duration and the precipitation intensity. The seepages are concentrated at the toe of the slope. The location of the horizontal drainage pipes has significant impact of the global stability of the slope. The optimum length of the horizontal drainage pipe should be the horizontal projected length with a 10 degrees inclination angle. The double layered drainage system will result in a better solution. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Simulation of Tunnel Construction Progress XIONG Xin1， WU Zhenglong2 2015, 29 (5):  39-41.  Abstract ( 1219 )   Save The construction process of the Beilingshan Tunnel Section at Station D3K393+080 in the NanGuang Railway Project is numerically simulated by using the commercial finite element software ANASYS. The characteristics of this tunnel are the deep embedment, wide crosssection, and long alignment in the soft rock mass. The simulated deformation distributions are compared with the construction monitoring results. It is concluded that the simulated results are similar to the monitored values. Therefore, the design parameters selected for the analysis are reasonable and the analysis procedure can be used in the tunnel construction in the mountain areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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3D Finite Element Numerical Analysis of the Stability of a Tunnel over the Mined Area LI Senlin1, MA Boheng1, GE Yuxiang1, XU Fanqiang1， LUO Bodang2 2015, 29 (5):  42-45.  Abstract ( 1638 )   Save A tunnel in Shanxi Province is over two layers of the mined areas. Although the mined areas are filled and grouted, the deformations within the surrounding rock mass have occurred and its impact on the proposed tunnel construction has to be evaluated. This effects of the underlying two layers of mining extraction and backfill process are simulated by using three dimensional finite element to obtain deformation field of the rock mass above the mined cavern and the residual deformation of the same area after the backfill and grouting operation. Combined with numerical analysis results, test boring and geophysical survey information, the vertical deformation zones above the mined area and their dimensions can be divided: caving zone, fractured zone and transitional deformation zone. The stability of the tunnel construction in these zones can therefore be evaluated.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Reservoir Dam Stability Evaluation Method based on Fuzzy Risk Analysis LIU Baochen1,2, YANG Bai2, ZHANG Binghui2, XIE Yanhua3， ZHANG Chenfu2 2015, 29 (5):  46-49.  Abstract ( 1314 )   Save The stability of a reservoir dam is evaluated by using fuzzy risk analysis method. The uncertainty and the fuzziness of the traditional dam stability evaluation methods are improved by using the fuzzy system and fuzzy theories. In the Muyezhai Reservoir Dam stability evaluation case history project, the fuzzy risk analysis method is implemented and it is proved to be applicable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Ground Deformation Induced by the Pipe Jacking LI Hongfeng1, LIU Huanhuan2, BAO Xiankai2 2015, 29 (5):  50-52.  Abstract ( 1235 )   Save The ground deformation induced by the pipe jacking is an adverse issue during the construction and has received a significant attention. This is paper presents the mechanism of the ground deformation and the factor affecting the deformation during the jacking operation. A case history of monitoring the ground deformation during the jacking is also illustrated in this paper.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimized Design of Spread Footings ZHENG Feng1, LIU Fuchen2 2015, 29 (5):  53-55.  Abstract ( 1137 )   Save The thickness of a spread footing is controlled by the punching stress. A larger than necessary footing thickness is usually resulted since the trial and error method is involved and this method is also cumbersome. The new procedure for determining the footing thickness for the punching failure mode for various footing dimensions is presented in this paper. The new method has the advantages of simple calculation and also resulting in an economical and safe footing design. Related Articles | Metrics

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A New Pile Head Cleanup Method of Large Diameter Bored Concrete Piles LAI Wenping 2015, 29 (5):  56-57.  Abstract ( 1424 )   Save The bored concrete piles are widely used in the engineering projects due to its advantages of ease and fast construction, less labor and matured construction procedures. The conventional bored pile head cleanup method is to use the handheld pneumatic ripper, but this method is not efficient for the large diameter bored piles. This paper presents a new pile head cleanup of using the layered clean up method. The procedure of this method and the key step are also introduced in the paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison between Chinese and European Codes in the Design of Gravity Expanded Wind Turbine Foundations HUANG Yinghong 2015, 29 (5):  58-61.  Abstract ( 1329 )   Save With the implementation of the "One Belt and One Road" strategic concept, the oversea power market is becoming more and more important for the Chinese Power Construction industry. In the comparison of design codes for the gravity expanded wind turbine foundations, a significant difference between the Chinese and European codes was found. This paper presents the differences among both codes through a case history. Related Articles | Metrics

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Field Testing of the Impacting Installed Closed End Pre-Casted Reinforced Concrete Pipe Piles LI Xiaozhu， SUN Hai 2015, 29 (5):  62-66.  Abstract ( 1516 )   Save The installation compactive effects of the impacting Installed closed end, pre-casted reinforced concrete pipe piles in a steel factory in Guangdong are studied throughout a field testing program. The compaction effect after the installation of the closed-end pipe pile is studied by measuring the Standard Penetration Testing (SPT) blow counts at different distances from the pile. The results indicate that an obvious compactive effect can be found in sandy soil layers and the compactive effect in the cohesive soil layer is not significant. In the same soil layer, the compactive effect decreases with the increase of distance away from the installed pile. Along the pile, the compactive effect in the adjacent soil increases with depth first and then decreases with the depth. Further, time effect of an increase major influence zone from 0 ~ 3d (d: diameter) initial to 0-4d with time can be found in the comapctive effect. The secondary influence zone is existed between 4d and 8d. No compactive effect can be found in distance beyond 8d. The above study results can be used in avoiding the adverse compactive effect of pile installed in thick sand by arranging the optimized pile spacing and utilizing the axial capacity potential. Related Articles | Metrics

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LargeScale Direct Shear Test on Carbonaceous Mudstone Mixtures LIU Ziang1， MAN Li2 2015, 29 (5):  67-69.  Abstract ( 1507 )   Save The carbonaceous mudstone is a special soft rock that is widely distributed in Southwestern China. The carbonaceous mudstone aggregate mixtures samples are tested by a large size direct shear test device under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. The aggregate mixtures have three different carbonaceous mudstone contents: 30%, 60% and 100%. The test results indicate that, under the same vertical stress, the shear strength increases with the increase of carbonaceous mudstone contents. With the increase of carbonaceous mudstone contents, the internal friction angle decreases and the cohesion values increases. The shear stress increases with the increase of the horizontal displacement and no obvious peak values are observed. Under the saturated condition, a flatter shear stress and horizontal displacement relationship can be found. Related Articles | Metrics

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In-situ Tests of Cast-in-Place Reinforced Concrete Piles for Large Oil Refinery Foundations in Karst MA Yongfeng1, RAN Wanyun2, ZHOU Dingheng3, ZHANG Zhihao1 2015, 29 (5):  70-75.  Abstract ( 1698 )   Save The construction quality of the cast-in-place reinforced concrete piles for the foundations of a large oil refinery in karst terrain was examined by both the low strain and high strain dynamic pile testing methods. The pile capacities were verified through static axial compression, uplift and horizontal tests on piles instrumented with rebar strain gages and soil pressure cells at the pile tips. The axial load distributions under each load increment were also analyzed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and Determination of the Bearing Capacity of the Composite Foundations in Karst Terrain LIU Yuancheng1,2， ZHU Kuzhu1,2 2015, 29 (5):  76-77.  Abstract ( 1431 )   Save The common geological hazards in the karst areas are: lack of bearing resistance, rock and soil cavities and sinkhole collapses. The compacted cement and gravel columns combined with the cement pressure grouting methods are used to treat the unfavorable grounds with uneven soil thickness with poor bearing capacity and highly developed karstic rock cavities. The bearing capacity of the treated ground is examined and verified with the standard penetration testing. The results indicated that the combination of compacted cement gravel columns combined with cement pressure grouting methods was successful in improving the soil foundations in the karst terrain.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Fast Calculation of Annular Reinforced Concrete Supporting Piles LI Qiannan1, ZHANG Li2 2015, 29 (5):  78-80.  Abstract ( 1346 )   Save In two formulas (E.0.3-1 and E.03-2) in the "Specifications of Concrete Structure Design, GB50010-2010) for the design of the flexural members with annular section, the ratios of the compression zone and the all section area   are complicated. The authors converted these two values into tables so that the trial and error process of solving the transcendental equations can be avoided. This paper also gives out an example to show the suggested method has the advantages of fast, simple and practical. Related Articles | Metrics