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Settlement Analysis of Anchor Jacked Pile Reinforcing of the Existing Building Foundations SONG Xiaoguang Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 209-212.   Abstract （542）            Knowledge map    The settlement induced by the anchor jacked pile reinforcing the existing building foundations is divided into immediate settlement and settlement after construction. The immediate settlement is induced by the lateral deformation and the strength reduction of the surrounding soft soils. Results of the finite element analysis show that the foundation heave or settlement change caused by the lateral soil squeezing is related to the upper load and the properties of foundation soil within 15m below the ground, the worse the soil property, the larger the settlement, that is, the major factor of the settlement in most of the reinforcing projects. At the same time, the project case history shows that, there is a hard soil layer under the foundation, which may be heaved due to soil squeezing around the pile. The worse the soil property is, the larger the influence range of immediate settlement is, the lower the strength of soil mass and the force bearing area are, thus increasing the settlement. According to the measured settlement data of typical buildings, the building the immediate settlement consists of 80% of the total settlement. Combined with the characteristics of the anchor jacked pile construction, the post construction settlement cannot be ignored. Based on immediate settlement characteristics, the “suspended loadingcontrollock up loading” procedure is proposed to minimize the settlements of buildings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Geotechnical Characteristics of Bioclastic Layer in Marine Geomorphology LI Chaowei Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 227-230.   Abstract （266）            Knowledge map    Throughout the geotechnical engineering investigation of a marine secondary terraces site in Haikou City, Hainan Province, this paper evaluates the geotechnical engineering characteristics of bioclastic layer by various comprehensive means and proposes the selection of the basic criteria under this geological condition, to provide reference for geotechnical engineering investigation of similar marine geomorphologic strata. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Water Content and Compression Time on Shear Properties of Interface between Steel and Clay#br# LIU Xianliang, GUO Jukun, WANG Rui, XU Junjie, XU Youguang Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (3): 488-491.   Abstract （210）            Knowledge map    It is of great engineering significance to study the shear characteristics of the interface between structure and soil for the axial capacity and stability of the piled foundation. In this paper, the interface shear tests between steel and low liquid limit clay are performed by using the improved direct shear instrument, considering the two factors of the soil water content and the compression time. The relationship between the shear stress and the shear displacement, the shear strength index is analyzed respectively. The results show that the relationship between the shear stress and the shear displacement of the interface can be expressed by a hyperbolic model. The test peak shear stress and the model peak shear stress increase with the normal stress and the compression time and increase first and then decrease with the water content. The failure ratio ranges from 0.851 to 0.960, and the initial shear stiffness range from 19.96 to 131.58. The cohesion and the friction angle of the interface increase first and then decrease with the water content and reach the maximum near the optimal water content. The cohesion and the friction angle of interface are positively proportional to the compression time. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Experimental Study on the Dynamic Properties of Undisturbed and Remodeled Cohesive Soils in Hefei LI Penggang, HU Jinhu, REN Shuai Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 322-325.   Abstract （257）            Knowledge map    To study the influence of soil disturbance on the soil dynamic characteristics, undisturbed and remolded cohesive soil samples from various depth at the Baohe District of Hefei were collected for the laboratory study by using the GCTS STX-100 two-way vibration triaxial testing system. Based on the dynamic triaxial test results, the following conclusions are obtained: (1) Under the same confining pressure, the difference of the dynamic characteristic parameters (maximum dynamic stress τdmax, maximum dynamic shear modulus Gdmax) of the undisturbed and remodeled cohesive soil samples vary with the increase of sampling depth. It gradually increased; under the low confining pressure (50kPa), the τdmax and Gdmaxof the undisturbed samples and the remodeled samples had little difference, and the relationship curves tended to overlap. With the increase of the confining pressure, the relationship curve is rapidly separated, the τdmax and Gdmax of the undisturbed samples are larger than those of the remolded samples, and the increase range gradually increases with the increase of the confining pressure. When the confining pressure reaches 300kPa, the deviation range can reach more than 30%; (2) The damping ratio λd of the undisturbed samples and the remolded samples decreases with the increase of the confining pressure under the same dynamic strain; λdmax is between 0.2-0.3; (3) The dynamic strength and the dynamic shear modulus of the soil decrease due to the disturbance of the soil. Related Articles | Metrics

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Side Frictions of the Large Diameter Piles in the Coral Reef Strata ZHANG Rong, YU Song, ZHANG Guochao, LIU Jianping Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 188-192.   Abstract （231）            Knowledge map    Large diameter piles have the advantages of high axial capacity and small settlement and are increasingly used in large bridge projects across the river and sea. The coral reef limestone formed by bio-deposition has weak cementation and high porosity characteristics, when the pile foundation of the bridge rock-socketed in this stratum, the side friction has its own characteristics and the traditional method of estimating the pile side friction resistance and axial capacity is not applicable. Combined with a bridge project in Maldives, the characteristics of the side friction resistance and axial capacity of the large diameter bridge pile foundation in the coral reef strata are studied by means of laboratory model test and field self-balancing load test. The test results are compared with the code suggested values. The results show that the coral reef stratum has large side friction resistance and axial capacity, and the large diameter pile foundation can be used as a common foundation form. The side friction of the reef limestone piles has experienced four stages: contact compaction, elastic shear, shear failure and friction shear. The strength of the reef limestone has a large structure, and the drilling process has a great disturbance to the reef limestone stratum, which makes the mechanical properties of the reef limestone significantly reduced. Related Articles | Metrics

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Field Trial Tests of Subway Shielded Tunnel Cutting Through the Existing Piled Foundations YANG Yijun, WANG Handong, YANG Hui, XU Linhu Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (3): 524-527.   Abstract （129）            Knowledge map    The subway shielded tunnel usually inevitably encounters the pile foundations in the urban environment. When the piled foundations are encountered, the conventional methods are to replace the above bridge or change the subway alignment. There is less reported on the direct cutting through the piles by the shielded tunneling. This paper presents a case history of subway project in Suzhou which the existing shielded machine functions are improved, and the simulation test of shielded pile cutting is performed. The test monitored the deflection of the affected piles, the performance of cutter head, the shield tunneling parameters and the abrasion and cutting process of piled foundation in the process of cutting piled foundation under different working conditions and pile cutting modes. The trial test proves that it is feasible for EPB shielded machine to cut large diameter concrete piles in sedimentary soils, the shielded machine can meet the requirements of pile cutting in the high-water level sedimentary soil layer after the relevant improvement according to actual requirements. The test results can provide basis for the formulation of special monitoring scheme and special emergency plan for shield pile cutting, and also provide guidance for the design and construction of similar projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Engineering Parameters Determinations for Widening Embankments over Soft Soils in Flood Storage and Detention Areas HUANG Wanjiang, HU Shenggang Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (3): 531-534.   Abstract （215）            Knowledge map    The proposed widened embankment for the flood storage and detention area construction project is over the soft soils. After years of consolidation, the soft soil properties under the existing embankment are different from the soft soil parameters outside the embankment influence zone. The proposed embankment body is formed by adding fill soils to the existing embankment. Firstly, the hazard characteristics of the existing embankment for the proposed reinforcement project were analyzed. Then, based on laboratory and in-situ testing methods, a series of soft soil tests were performed to determine the soft soil parameters inside and outside the existing embankment, and the recommended values of the stability optimization design parameters for the proposed embankment were determined. Finally, a new parameter determining and estimation method of the soft soil for existing embankment in the flood storage and detention areas was proposed based on the similar engineering embankment soft soil parameters. The evaluation results can provide some guidance for obtaining the parameters of the proposed embankment soft soil formed by the addition of exisitng embankment and for the design of proposed embankment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and Construction of a High Retaining Wall in Complicated Geological Conditions GENG Xuefeng, XU Xing Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (5): 746-752.   Abstract （175）            Knowledge map    This paper presents a case history of the design and construction aspects of a high retaining structure in Guangming District, Shenzhen. The slope stability problems before and after the mitigations are discussed with engineering analog, theoretical approach and numerical analysis approaches. The slope stability mitigation recommendations are proposed and the construction monitoring program and criteria are also presented. The results indicate that, the optimum retaining structure is selected from the various feasible retaining walls. After the design and construction, the monitoring data indicate that the slelected wall type is safe and stable. The completed structure is also stable. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Characterization Study on Coral Sands Interface Shear Practice Breakage YAO Qi, YU Jianmin, ZHENG Hongjian, WEI Houzhen, CHEN Pan, LI Huan Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 279-283.   Abstract （250）            Knowledge map    The interaction between the coral sand and structures widely exists in the island-reef engineering practices. Due to the low structural strength and fragility of coral sands, it is prone to the particle breakage under the external loads, resulting in more complicated mechanical properties of the interface. Through the ring shear tests of the coral sand-steel plate interface and the comparison with the quartz sand, the particle breakage evolution, and the particle shape change rule of the coral sand interface after the shear are revealed. The results show that, under the same conditions, the content of small particles produced by the coral sand is significantly higher than that of the quartz sand, and there is a critical vertical pressure of 300 kPa and 200 kPa for the coral sand with 0.5-1 and 1-2mm particle sizes, respectively. When the vertical pressure is higher than the critical pressure, the impact of the vertical pressure on the PSD curve is significantly reduced. The crushing rates of the coral sand and the quartz sand increase with the increase of the vertical pressure. The trends demonstrate an exponential function relationship and linear relationship with the vertical pressure respectively. After shearing, the particle shape develops from the irregular to rounded, and when the vertical pressure is large, the particle shape of the coral sand and the quartz sand is relatively close to each other, and both tend to be rounded. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental Study and Analysis of the Physical Properties of Poyang Lake Soft Soils CHEN Youhua, LIU Ziyi, LIU Mingming, LEI Zuxiang Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 300-304.   Abstract （188）            Knowledge map    In recent years, with the rapid development of economy and engineering technology, the number of highway transportation projects such as bridges on the soft soils has increased dramatically. The requirements for the soft soil treatment have also become more restrictive. In view of the particularity of the lacustrine soft soils and the demands from engineering projects, a series of geotechnical investigations were conducted on the lacustrine soft soils through the on-site soil testing, including density, moisture content, specific gravity, Atterberg Limits and permeability tests. The experimental results show that the Poyang Lake soft soil is a typical lacustrine soft soil. There exists a deep silty soil in this area, which has the characteristics of the large water content, low strength and poor permeability. The study results will be used for the future treatment of the Poyang Lake soft soils and for the value of the engineering parameters. Finally, the correlations among the physical properties of the silty soil in the Poyang Lake area are analyzed.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Self-Balanced Method for the Bi-Directional Loading Test on Cast-In-Placed Bored Piles ZHANG Zhaobin, HAN Wenyong, ZHANG Kaiwei, LI Fulai, GUO Honglin, GU Liqiang Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 305-310.   Abstract （331）            Knowledge map    The deformation-loading characteristics of the cast-in-place reinforced concrete piles are evaluated throughout the bi-directional loading tests and the loading results are compared with the conventional top-town loading test results. When the test pile reaches the limiting state, the tested end bearing resistance results from the bi-directional loading test is usually greater than that of from the conventional pile loading tests and the side friction values are similar in both testing methods. In the bi-directional loading tests, the side friction values are different in the upper portion and the lower portion of the testing device. Usually, the tested mobilized side friction in the upper portion is less than the limiting value tested in the conventional top-down loading tests and the mobilized value in the lower portion from the bi-directional loading test is greater than that of from the conventional loading test. An improved equivalent top-down loading-settlement curve conversion method is proposed by comparing the pile top settlement in the conventional loading test and the deflection in the upper shaft in the bi0directional loading test. It is found that the proposed method is more accurate than the code suggested method. Although the converted equivalent top-down settlement-loading curve predicts larger pile settlement than that of the conventional loading test, the deflection-loading curves from both test methods have similar trend and it is demonstrated that the bi-directional loading test can provide an effective loading test results for the pile design.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Simulation of the Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Geomaterials for High-Rise Buildings ZHANG Huineng Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 241-244.   Abstract （214）            Knowledge map    To solve the problem of the large difference between the simulation results and the actual value when the traditional numerical simulation method is used to simulate the limit value of the bearing capacity of the geomaterials for the high-rise buildings, which causes the low numerical simulation accuracy, a numerical study of the limit value of the bearing capacity of the geomaterial for the high-rise building is presented in this paper. A new numerical simulation method is proposed by establishing the bearing capacity model of the geomaterial for the high-rise building, setting constraint conditions and evaluating the ground stress, and simulating the numerical change of bearing capacity under different base conditions. Experiments have demonstrated that the new numerical simulation method can obtain results closer to actual values in practical applications, and the simulation accuracy can be significantly improved, which can provide a more accurate numerical reference basis for the construction of high-rise buildings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of the Combined Supporting and Anchoring System for a Deep Excavation in Soft Soils CAO Qiang, MEI Qinghai, JIANG Qigang, PENG Peng Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 201-205.   Abstract （295）            Knowledge map    Deep excavation engineering is a temporary supporting structure for the excavation of underground construction. It has the characteristics of the short service life, and the supporting structure will be out of service when the underground construction is completed. Therefore, the improvement of the cost effectiveness of the excavation supporting is becoming an imperative requirement of the entire construction industry. With a high construction cost, the strong soldier pile with a strong stiffness of the supporting structure is a major design trend of the urban deep excavation projects due to the restrictive requirements of the adjacent urban environments. In the deep excavation in thick and soft cohesive soil, the deformation and global stability could be adjusted the solider pile length, diameter and the number of steel reinforcement bars. The combined support and anchor system is a support system in which the support and the ground anchor are used simultaneously on a supporting system. Adding the ground anchor to the soldier pile supporting system can improve the stress and deformation of the support soldier piles, which can effectively reduce the overall construction cost of the support structure while meeting the safety requirements. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Soil-Cement Mixing Wall with Uniform Thickness Inserted with Hot Rolled Steel Beams Supporting in Deep Excavations in Urban Area of Wuhan CHU Wei, JIANG Qigang, GAO Xieliang, DAI Ye Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (5): 730-735.   Abstract （211）            Knowledge map    The practice of promoting the concept of green environmental protection is the goal of all walks of life. As a temporary project, the deep excavation engineering has considerable amount of waste of resources, especially in the urban center, the large use of concrete pile + concrete support beam, the occupation of the underground space and other leftover problems are complex, so it is more necessary to forge ahead in the direction of green environmental protection and conservation. The supporting structure of the uniform thickness soil-cement mixing wall with the insertion of hot-rolled steel beams has the advantages of the fast construction progress, the recyclable hot-rolled steel beams after the completion, cost saving and minimal leftover in the later stage, and no occupation of the underground space. It is a typical example of practicing the concept of green environmental protection and conservation; Like the traditional concrete pile, the supporting structure can be combined with the support and the ground anchor to form a variety of combined support structures, which can also be adopted according to local conditions in complex urban centers, and has certain popularization significance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Case History of a Design Example of a Deep Excavation Supporting Beam in Wuhan ZHANG Wei Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (5): 723-726.   Abstract （191）            Knowledge map    When a 10 m-deep foundation site in thick soft silty peaty soils in Wuhan was excavated to the second internal cross supporting layer, an excavator was overturned and seriously damaged the concrete supporting beam. To mitigate this accident, the excavated area was backfilled so that the horizontal displacement and the internal force in the supporting beans were effectively controlled. But the support beam was seriously damaged, the balance of the support system was destroyed. The remediation work was performed on the support beams and nodes were reinforced in a timely manner. The following excavation was performed safely. This paper introduces the project overview, accident cause and remediation plan and site monitoring program. Deep excavation construction accidents are relatively common, according to different conditions of the effective remediation program selected is also valuable engineering experience. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Investigation and Grouting Treatment for a Mined-out Area of Clay Mineral in Zhangqiu District of Jinan TIAN Dongjun Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (5): 759-763.   Abstract （488）            Knowledge map    A proposed project site is at the typical mined-out area of the clay mineral in Zhangqiu District of Jinan. Within the project limits, there are two clay mining sites that had a production period between 1999 and 2014. The mine layer called Layer B was the top of the Permian Shihezi Formation. So, it is critical to identify the distribution range and scale of the mined-out area and to treat it appropriately before the construction. Based on a geological study of the mining area, the geophysical prospecting by using magnetotelluric sounding and exploratory drilling to verify the depth section of the goaf distribution and delineate the plane range for treatment were successfully implemented. A 60-meter survey line was located on both the east and west sides for the magnetotelluric sounding. Then three (3) boreholes were drilled for the verification. According to the Technical Code, the grouting system, in which the treatment area of mined-out area, the amount of work and the injection pressure were determined. The technical workflow and the experience of this project have some applicability in the treatment of the mined-out area extracted from the clay minerals and from the small mines. Related Articles | Metrics

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State of the Art Review of the Shear Strength of Unsaturated Soils JIA Lingci, LIU Zhen, LI Kaiqiang, GUO Yinzheng Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 275-278.   Abstract （304）            Knowledge map    The shear strength of soils is an important theoretical basis for the design and analysis of geo-structures in the engineering practice. For the unsaturated soil, because its microstructure is more complex than that of the saturated soil, the shear strength is more difficult to determine. To determine the shear strength of the unsaturated soil, many scholars have studied the microstructure, the expression form and the measurement of unsaturated soils. Among them, the soil-water characteristic curve is of the great significance, and the soil will have obvious influence on the soil-water characteristic curve after the dry and wet cycle, which is an important basis for studying the shear strength of unsaturated soil. To deepen the understanding of the shear strength of the unsaturated soil, the current progress of the shear strength research of the unsaturated soil was described by the reviewing many literatures, and the shear strength formula in recent years was summarized, and the direction for future research was suggested. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Safety Risk Analysis and Management of Mining Tunnels Under-Crossing High-Pressure Oil Pipelines WEI Yanchao Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (3): 455-458.   Abstract （181）            Knowledge map    This paper presents a case history of the construction of a mining tunnel. After a full communication with the relevant property owners, the evaluation combined with engineering geological conditions, the existing conditions of oil pipelines, surrounding environment and other factors. This paper decomposes the potential safety risks while drilling and blasting underneath the high-pressure oil pipeline to prepare a detailed risk list and proposes various management and control measures such as status assessment of oil pipelines. The numerical simulation analyses, blasting plan adjustments, advanced geological forecast and monitoring are also performed. The monitoring data during the under-crossing process shows that the risk management and control measures for the under-crossing oil pipelines in this tunnel are practical and feasible, which provides the effective references and targeted suggestions for future similar tunnel constructions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Analysis of Sleeve Milling and I-Steel Beam Joints Methods in Diaphragm Wall Installation in Saturated Sandy Layers  HUANG Shuhang Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (3): 354-357.   Abstract （318）            Knowledge map    The Nanhang Xincun Station of Guangzhou rail transit Line No. 12 is in Baiyun District, Guangzhou. The subsurface condition is mainly composed of saturated sandy layers and strongly weathered silty mudstone. There are fault zones, and the karst formations are well-developed, so there are strong requirements for the construction of the supporting structure. The support system of diaphragm wall plus internal support is adopted for the deep excavation project. By comparing the I-steel joint form of the west foundation pit diaphragm wall and the sleeve milling joint form of the east foundation pit diaphragm wall, it is found that the sleeve milling joint process is more suitable for the geology of the saturated sandy layers, and the sleeve milling joint process has the advantages of low construction difficulty, more cost effective and a good waterproof effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental Study on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Water Glass Modified Recycled Aggregates WEI Meng, FANG Jiyuan, ZHAO Lijun, SONG Ke Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 315-317.   Abstract （196）            Knowledge map    The recycled aggregates are generated from the old pavement structure removal throughout the sieving and selection process. To study the effect of water glass on the improvement results of the recycled aggregates, the results of the unconfined compressive strength of the improved aggregates with various water glass contents was selected as the index. The water glass additives are the weight of the aggregate of 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08%, 0.1% and 0.12% with the curing ages of 7 days and 28 days, respectively. The test results indicate that, the strength of the recycled aggregate can be improved by the addition of the water glass. The stress-strain relationship meets the strain soften curve; the optimum water glass content is 0.08%.   Related Articles | Metrics