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Discussion on the Design Buoyancy Groundwater Level in Dingtailu Area of Jinan HE Zhaoyu, SONG Zhigang Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 443-448.   Abstract （199）            Knowledge map    With the continuous development of the urban underground spaces in our country, more and more buildings are constructed closer to the river, the site coefficient of permeability is large, the groundwater level is shallow, and the impact of river water level changes is significant. The buoyancy problem faced by the underground structure is increasingly prominent. Therefore, this paper presents a case history of design groundwater lever in Dingtailu area on the south bank of the Yellow River. Based on the analysis of natural factors such as groundwater conditions, climate characteristics, groundwater exploitation, water resources utilization and other factors in this area, the paper adopts Mann-Kendall trend analysis method to predict and analyze the dynamic changes of groundwater, proposes the scientific and reasonable buoyancy groundwater level recommendations. The buoyancy groundwater levels of the different zone within the site are analyzed. It provides a reference for the future construction planning, design and construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Influence of Deep Excavation on Adjacent Subway Tunnels ZHAO Yuanyuan, ZUO Reyu, ZHANG Xinran, XIE Yidong Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (6): 1033-1038.   Abstract （165）            Knowledge map    In recent years, with the development of high-rise buildings and the underground space utilization, the number of deep excavation projects in China is increasing, especially in the large cities, where the subway network is dense, the construction of foundation excavation has a great impact on the surrounding environment. Reasonable measures shall be taken to protect adjacent structures and utilities from damage. This paper presents a case history of a deep excavation project of Tianyin Mansion, which is close to the Subway Line No. 2 tunnel. A three-dimensional nonlinear numerical analysis model of the interaction between the tunnel soil mass and the deep excavation support structure is established by using the finite element software MIDAS GTS NX. The deformation of the deep excavation support structure and subway tunnel in the entire process of deep excavation are analyzed. The analysis results show that the deep excavation changes the deformation field of the adjacent subway tunnels. With the increase of the excavation depth, the lateral displacement of the tunnel changes little, and the vertical displacement changes slightly. The deformation of the deep excavation support structure and the subway tunnel meet the deformation control requirements in the specifications, which proves that the interlocking pile + internal support adopted in the project can effectively control the deformation of the surrounding environment. At the same time, it also proves that the modified Mohr Coulomb model can be used to simulate the deformation of the subway tunnel caused by the excavation in complex environment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Case History of a Seepage Stoppage Method for a Deep Excavation Project HUANG Zhenbo Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 382-386.   Abstract （118）            Knowledge map    To protect the groundwater resources and prevent the impact of the dewatering inside the excavated area on the surrounding environment, most the deep excavation support projects need to setup the groundwater stop curtains, which are mainly in the form of cement mixed soil system, such as soil-cement mixed columns; jet grouting columns, etc. The groundwater curtain stopping leakage is the main hazardous source of deep excavation projects, which will have a great impact on the project and the surrounding environment. Combined with the leakage hazards of a deep excavation project, this paper focuses on the plugging method and the implementation effect adopted in the mitigation process of the excavation. Facts have proved that for the minor seepage of the groundwater stop curtain of the excavation system, the treatment method of “internal drainage and internal plugging” can be adopted; For more serious seepage, the treatment method of “external stopping and internal plugging” should be adopted, and the method of “external stopping” should be selected in accordance with the local conditions to highlight mitigation process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial Variability and Physical-Mechanical Indexes Regularity of Structural Clays in Zhanjiang ZENG Yue, HU Jin, GUAN Shenggong, LV Guisheng Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 469-472.   Abstract （96）            Knowledge map    Based on the geotechnical investigation results of a super large Zhanjiang steel factory site, and on the basis of the large amount of data obtained, this paper analyzes the horizontal and vertical variabilities of the structural clay of Zhanjiang Formation. Two typical geomorphic units are selected and analyzed for the variation of the physical and mechanical indexes of the clay of Zhanjiang Formation. The results indicate that: (1) the top surface of the clay layer in Zhanjiang Formation is generally distributed in a wavy shape in space, with the irregular spatial distribution and significant differences. (2) From the top to the bottom, the number of standard penetration tests (SPT) increases with depth in Zhanjiang Formation clay, following a linear variation pattern. (3) The particle size distribution and material source of Zhanjiang Formation clay with different embedment depths and plane positions are relatively stable, with the high liquid limits and the high plasticity. There are significant differences in other physical and mechanical indicators, but there is a linear variation pattern with the depth. These investigations provide a basis for the selection of geotechnical design parameters, and adds value to the design and construction projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Highway Tunnel Crossing Fractured Fault Zone by Drilling and Blasting Method in Mountain-Plateau Region REN Shifang, YU Tanqiu, Zhang Huanyu, GUO Zhiwei Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (4): 567-572.   Abstract （239）            Knowledge map    This paper presents a case history of the highway tunnel construction of Xinjiang Wuwei Highway Package PPP Project YRTJ-04 Bid Section Bashkorgan Tunnel 2. Based on the environmental and geological conditions at the tunnel site, several technologies, such as, the tunnel excavation advanced prediction technique, tunnel construction ventilation methods, the oxygen supply method during the tunnel excavation as well as the drilling and blasting methods for the crossing over the fractured fault zone, are comprehensively studied. The results show that, in view of the tunnel construction in Xinjiang’s cold and high-altitude areas, considering the environmental factors brought by the increase in altitude, the design of the tunnel ventilation system is optimized accordingly. The technical parameters of the tunnel construction ventilation are defined to meet the requirements of the on-site construction ventilation; According to the characteristics of Xinjiang’s high-altitude, low pressure and anoxic environment, the recommended value of the critical oxygen supply altitude is determined, and the corresponding labor intensity classification is carried out according to the tunnel construction procedures. The oxygen supply standard required to consider the factors of labor intensity in different procedures is determined, and the oxygen supply scheme for the construction of Bashkorgan Tunnel 2 is proposed; In view of the tunnel crossing fractured fault zone and the well-developed joint fissure area, the key technologies such as the comprehensive advanced geological prediction detection and the concentrated water pressure smooth blasting are adopted to ensure the safe construction and the construction efficiency of the tunnel. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Shear strength of High Slope Clay with different Water saturation ZHANG Ruifu, LIANG Songlin, LU Di Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (4): 651-654.   Abstract （200）            Knowledge map    In this paper, the consolidated undrained tests of the remolded clay samples of a high slope under different water content were performed under different consolidation pressures (50, 100, 200 and 400 kPa). The results show that the water content has a significant influence on the shear strength of the remolded clay. The lower vertical pressure will make the pore water pressure in the sample dissipate incompletely in the short-term consolidation process, resulting in a lower effective stress, resulting in obvious hardening or softening. When the degree of saturation is more than 80.23%, the cohesion of the sample decreases obviously. In addition, combined with nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer, the pore water distribution in soil samples with different degrees of saturation is analyzed. It is proved that the water in the small pores will flow into macropores under external load, which provides evidence for the sudden decrease of cohesion in the direct shear test. Related Articles | Metrics

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Early Warning of Risks in the Deep Excavation Using Fuzzy Algorithm WANG Peng, LIANG Zhengzhao, ZHANG Zhenghu, HAN Ju, ZHAN Bixiong, LIU Tiexin Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (4): 655-659.   Abstract （260）            Knowledge map    The construction risk early warning of the deep excavation is an important task to ensure the safe construction of the excavation. However, the existing deep excavation’s early warning idea is based on the failure of one or more monitoring points as the instability of the deep excavation. Using the principles of ensuring the safety of the deep excavation, the safety early warning of the excavation is carried out from the safety of the excavation monitoring points and the safety of the entire excavation system. The early warning for the safety of the deep excavation monitoring points is realized by using the established safety early warning classification. The early warning of the safety and stability of the excavation system is to achieve a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the safety and stability of the entire system by establishing an Analytic Hierarchy Framework (AHP) between monitoring data and the stability of the entire system throughout the monitoring project safety early warning grading table. The early warning method effectively combines the monitoring and the early warning and transforms the fuzzy relationship between the two into a clear and quantitative mathematical relationship, which provides a new idea to effectively solve the deep excavation safety early warning problem. Related Articles | Metrics

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Case History of a Large Tonnage Pile Static Load Tests JIANG Wei Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 525-529.   Abstract （201）            Knowledge map    The static load test is still the most intuitive and reliable method for determining the axial capacity of foundation piles. With the development of the economy, science and technology, the experience of engineering designers is becoming increasingly rich, and the axial capacity of the pile foundation design is also gradually increasing. High axial capacity piles pose great challenges to the testing work, and more attention should be paid to the safety, accuracy, and efficiency of the large tonnage tests. Given that the requirements for the large tonnage static load testing equipment and testing risks are much higher than those for the small tonnage, there are many safety hazards and difficulties in the testing process. Therefore, engineering inspectors must comprehensively consider a prudent treatment plan. The key points of the experiment were introduced in detail from the aspects of the equipment installation selection, axial capacity and deformation verification, and safety issues during the experiment. Solutions were explored, and relevant selection calculation methods were provided. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on each step based on engineering examples. Results show that this test method is stable and reliable and can accumulate experience and provide a useful reference for the large tonnage static load tests. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Deformation Characteristics of Double Diaphragm Walls under the Dewatering for a Deep Excavation Project YANG Jinjian Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 437-442.   Abstract （112）            Knowledge map    The rapid development of cities has made the surface construction space increasingly limited, and the requirements for the development and construction of underground space are gradually increasing. Dewatering is a necessary measure to ensure the smooth excavation of foundation pits, and it is also an important reason for the deformation of retaining structures. Based on the deep foundation pit of Suzhou River’s deep drainage and storage pipeline in Shanghai, the deformation characteristics of the dewatering in the “double water-resisting system” of double diaphragm walls were analyzed. The results showed that the diaphragm wall showed a “bulge-shaped” deformation towards the foundation pit with the excavation and dewatering, and local displacement peaks appeared within the depth range of the filter pipe in the well. The depth of maximum displacement was mostly concentrated in the range of 55-66m, and the maximum displacement was only 7.9mm. The vertical displacement of the surface at the edge of the pit showed a decreasing trend away from the foundation pit and stabilized at about 30 meters. The surface within 10 meters of the edge of the foundation pit was in a raised state. The peak displacement of the second diaphragm wall was within the depth range of 8-24m, and the deformation was less directly affected by the dewatering in the pit. Related Articles | Metrics

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Early Warning Method for the Instability of Expansive Soil Canal by Slope Deformation Monitoring GAN Xudong, LIU Jun, HU Bo, JIANG Shiming, ZHANG Xiaoyu, ZHANG Zhenshan Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (5): 883-888.   Abstract （152）            Knowledge map    The stability and the deformation of the expansive soil canal are closely related to each other. Several landslides occurred during more than 2 years of the expansive soil tests in a large water diversion engineering project. The inclinometer was used in the in-depth lateral deformation monitoring. Based on the analysis on the extrinsic and intrinsic connections between the stability and the deformation of an expansive soil canal, it is suggested that the deformation rate and the accumulative displacement are the main early warning indices, and the development time of the deformation, the change of environment and the response of the slope are the reference indices in distinguishing the expansive soil canal instability. Moreover, the forecast and the early warning method of the expansive soil landslide is proposed, which provides a reference for the rational evaluation of the safety state and the development trend of expansive soil canal slopes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability Analysis of Terraced Farm Field Considering Spatial Variability CHEN Jiajun, WU Kai, RONG Kejin, CHEN Zhiyuan, LI Bingyi Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (5): 811-815.   Abstract （178）            Knowledge map    The rainfall infiltration will affect the soil stability, which may eventually lead to terraced farm field landslides and the crop yield reduction. Therefore, it is of high social and economic benefits to study the stability of the terraced farm field slopes under the rainfall infiltration. In this study, based on the random field theory, the finite element limit analysis combined with the strength reduction method is used to analyze the reliability of the terraced farm field stability under the rainfall by evaluating the terraced farm field factor of safety, the failure probability, and the destabilization risk. The results show that the traditional qualitative analysis does use a unique factor of safety to evaluate the stability of slopes, but the same factor of safety may correspond to multiple slip surface forms and landslide volumes, which is easy to overestimate the safety reserve of these slopes. Based on the random field theory, the slope stability is evaluated comprehensively by combining the slope factor of safety, the failure probability and the failure risk, which can more reasonably assess the risk of terraced farm field slope instability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and Construction Method of Large Span Continuous Three Arch Tunnels on Chongqing Urban Rapid Transit Line DENG Ruyong Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (5): 775-780.   Abstract （150）            Knowledge map    Based on the project between Jiuquhe East Station and Chongguang stations of Chongqing Urban Rail Express Line No. 15, this paper studies the applicability of different excavation methods in the construction of a continuous three-arch tunnel by using numerical calculation methods. The results indicated that the construction of the continuous three-arch tunnel in this project using methods of side tunnel, middle tunnel, and pilot tunnel resulted in a maximum surface settlement of no more than 5.56mm. The control effect of the surface settlement during the construction of this project is the best using the pilot tunnel method, followed by the side tunnel method, and the worst using the middle tunnel method. The plastic zone of the surrounding rock during the tunnel construction in this project is mainly distributed on the outer side of the side tunnel arch wall, as well as in the middle tunnel arch shoulder and arch foot area. The anchor rods of the arch shoulder system penetrate the main plastic strain area and have a good anchoring effect. The design of the anchor rods of the arch crown system can be appropriately optimized. By comprehensively comparing the advantages and disadvantages of four excavation methods in terms of strata deformation control, material consumption, and construction difficulty, and considering the actual situation, it is recommended to use the side tunnel method for the construction of the continuous triple arch tunnel in this project. The research methods and conclusions of this paper can provide a reference and the guidance for the similar engineering design and construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Pipe Jacking on Stress and Deformation of Existing Subway Tunnels YI Yujie, WANG Jia, TIAN Jianlong Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (6): 926-930.   Abstract （174）            Knowledge map    To study the influence of the pipe jacking on the stress and deformation of the existing adjacent subway tunnel structures, this paper presents the numerical analysis results. The construction site environment, construction process, construction method and existing protection requirements of the subway structure are considered and the displacement and internal force of the subway tunnel structure under the relevant construction staging are simulated by using Midas GTS/NX software. Combined with the actual monitoring data, the safety evaluation of the pipe jacking construction method performed. The results show that the influence of the pipe jacking can be classified as the first class. The displacement in the Y direction (jacking direction) and the Z direction (vertical direction) of the subway structure after the entire pipe jacking construction process is 0.138 mm and 0.549mm respectively. The change rate of the force is not more than 3%, and the structure is still working within the tolerable range. From the real-time monitoring data, the maximum displacement of the subway structure in the Y direction and the Z direction is 1.76 mm and 0.65mm, respectively. The monitoring data is in a good correspondence with the simulation results, showing that the change of the tunnel structure affected first is greater than that of the tunnel structure affected later. Both the monitoring and the simulated displacement of the tunnel structure do not exceed the recommended 7mm, that is, the entire project is safe to advance under the normal construction conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Acoustic Velocity Characteristics of Frozen Soils During Freezing SHI Jie, XIONG Yali, WEI Xinyu, YU Hongfei Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (6): 1055-1058.   Abstract （136）            Knowledge map    To study the effects of the initial dry density and the initial water content on the strength and stiffness of the frozen soil during freezing. Under the condition of 10 ℃, the frozen soil samples with different initial dry densities and initial water contents were tested for the acoustic wave, and the changes of P-wave velocity during freezing were observed. The test results show that the freezing process of the clayey silt can be divided into three stages, namely, the slow rising stage, the fast-climbing stage and the stable stage. The acoustic test data show that the freezing can significantly improve the P-wave velocity of samples. With the increase of the initial water content, the peak wave velocity of frozen soil increases gradually, and the rising speed of wave velocity accelerates gradually during freezing. The initial dry density has a significant influence on the change of the wave velocity of the frozen soil. The higher the initial dry density, the higher the density of the sample is; the larger the peak wave velocity during freezing, but the rising speed of the wave velocity is almost the same. Related Articles | Metrics

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Re-development of a Constitutive Model in ABAQUS for Soft Soil Considering Strain Rate effects and Strain Softening#br# GUO Jianxiang, WEI Xiaobin, Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (6): 996-999.   Abstract （211）            Knowledge map    The study of cone penetration process has been a hot topic in the geotechnical engineering, and its results are mainly used to predict the strength of granular soils. In cone penetration process, the strain softening, and strain rate effect of the granular soil have a significant impact on its strength. It is difficult to describe the influence on the penetration results through theoretical methods, instead, numerical methods can well simulate the cone in the process of penetration. To evaluate the influence of the strain softening and strain rate effects on the penetration results, the subprogram of the soft soil constitutive model was compiled by using the re-development platform provided by ABAQUS. The soil constitutive model is applied to the numerical model calculation throughout the subprogram interface VUSDFLD, and the subprogram interface form and subprogram activation method are demonstrated. The Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method was used to simulate the cone penetration process. Firstly, the mesh sensitivity analysis of the model is carried out, and it is concluded that when the mesh density is less than 0.2mm, the influence on results is negligible; secondly, the numerical simulation results are compared with previous experiments and numerical cases, and the results show that the penetration depth and the penetration velocity of the cone are in good agreement with previous studies, which indicating that the analysis can better simulate the motion characteristics of the cone during the cone penetration process. The results show that the re-development procedure can well simulation the application of the strain rate effect and the strain softening soil constitutive model in ABAQUS. Related Articles | Metrics

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Foundation Settlement Analysis and Foundation Reinforcement with Micropiles LI Qingkai, XIANG Jihui, QIN Meng, ZHANG Xiaoyu Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 378-382.   Abstract （157）            Knowledge map    The characteristics of collapsible loess in northwest China often induce the phenomenon of the foundation subsidence after the completion of the projects. It is of the great practical significance to deal with such hazards on time. This paper presents a case history of the ground improvement work for an alumina factory reconstruction project. The causes of differential settlement of the sediment tank system were analyzed. The geotechnical properties of the site and the bearing capacity of the foundation soil were identified through the supplementary geotechnical engineering investigation. The design problems and defects existing in the foundation treatment of the original lime soil cushion were reviewed. The reliability of the foundation treatment strengthened by micropiles was demonstrated in accordance with the design principle of “settlement reduction pile”; In addition, according to the construction specifications and engineering experience, construction details and corresponding parameters in the construction process of micropile were provided. It showed that reinforcing of the existing foundation with micropile can effectively mitigate the differential settlement issues of sediment tank foundation. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Study of Crack Development and Shear Strength Deterioration of Red Clay Soil Under Dry and Wet Cycles YANG Huihong, ZHANG Zhiwei Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 512-515.   Abstract （182）            Knowledge map    The problem of the crack development and the shear strength deterioration of the red clay soil under the dry and wet cycles has gained widely attention. The crack development and the shear strength deterioration of the red clay soil with the change of the degree of compaction, water content and times of dry and wet cycles has been studied by the laboratory test in this paper. The results show that the moisture content of the red clay soil with the same degree of compaction has significant effect on the crack development. The grid cracks develop in the red clay soil with the low water content, while the long and wide strip cracks develop in the red clay soil with high water content. It is also found that the crack ratio and the crack length ratio raise with the times of dry and wet cycles. the higher the water content and the low density of the red clay, the greater the crack ratio and the crack length ratio and the higher the crack development degrees. The cohesion and the internal friction angel of the red clay soil with different water content decrease rapidly at the first and then gradually stabilize. The higher the degree of compaction of the red clay soil with same water content, the faster the decay ratio of the cohesion and the internal friction angel of the red clay soil. Moreover, the results also show that the decrement of the cohesion and the internal friction angel of the red clay soil with 4 times of the dry and wet cycles can be ignored and the average decay ratio of the cohesion and the internal friction angel with the different degree of compaction can obtained which indicate that dry and wet cycles has more significant effect on the cohesion than the internal friction angel. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Simulation of Deformation Control of Small Clearance Shielded Tunnel Excavation XIONG Hao, DONG Yabo, LUO Mingfu, JIN Xiaojun, TANG Xinke Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 485-489.   Abstract （134）            Knowledge map    The small clearance shielded tunnelling can cause a large change in the stress state in the soil mass and deformation of the ground, which can affect the safety of the tunnel structure and existing buildings when the deformation is excessive. However, the existing studies on the shielded tunnel reinforcement control measures for the small clearance shielded tunnel excavation are relatively insufficient, especially in the deformation control methods for the small clearance shielded tunnel excavation. In this paper, based on a smallclearance tunnel construction section in Xiong’an New Area, a numerical model of the deformation control measures for the small clearance shielded tunnel excavation is established, and the effects of different reinforcement schemes are discussed in depth. The results show that the grouting reinforcement is the most effective control measure for the small clearance overlapping shielded tunnel excavation, which can significantly reduce the surface settlement and ensure the stability and safety of the project. This study provides a strong theoretical support for the implementation of related projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Formation and Model of Geological Landslide Hazards in Weixi County, Yunnan Province CHEN Rongyan, ZHANG Dan, ZHANG Ziming, ZHAO Peng Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (4): 697-701.   Abstract （239）            Knowledge map    Yunnan Province is one of the areas where landslide hazards occur frequently in our country. This paper presents a case history of landslide investigation in Weixi County in the northwest of Yunnan Province. It summarizes the formation mechanism and hazard model of landslides, which has a practical and guiding significance for promoting the landslide control in the southwest of our country. Weixi County is one of the counties in Yunnan Province for the refined investigation and the risk assessment of the geological hazards in key areas in 2020. A total of 384 landslides have been identified, and there are mainly weathering debris flow type, subsurface erosion and subsidence type, and shear erosion loading type for the formation mechanisms of landslides. The formation of a landslide may be the result of several formation mechanisms. Taking into the hazard bearing body and the landslide movement account, the main hazard models of the landslides in Weixi county include the creep rupture, the follow-up, the high-speed debris flow and the landslide debris flow chain hazard models. Analyzing the formation mechanism and the hazard models of landslides can provide guidance for the prevention and reduction of the geological landslide hazards in the county and similar areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Model Tests on Surface Deformation Pattern of Colluvial Landslide in Reservoir Area YU Miao Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 552-556.   Abstract （114）            Knowledge map    Affected by the fluctuation of reservoir pooling water level, the movement of a colluvial landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area exhibits the non-uniform behavior and the distinct zoning characteristics. The conventional deformation monitoring means (such as total station, GPS, GNSS, etc.) can only achieve limited point data collection at important locations on the landslide mass and cannot detect deformation in unmonitored areas. Based on the physical model test, a three-dimensional laser scanning technology and the geographical and temporal weighted regression model (GTWR) are used to study the surface deformation pattern of the colluvial landslide at different pooling water storage levels. The results show that the laser point cloud of the slope surface deformation can present the characteristics and the overall deformation trend of the landslide intuitively and find the deformation phenomenon that is difficult to be identified by the naked eye or outside the monitored area, which can be an important supplement for point monitoring. The GTWR performs well in fitting the surface deformation of the landslide slope for considering the non-stationarity of space and time. Related Articles | Metrics