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Comprehensive Mitigation of Anti-Buoyancy and Raft Foundation Cracking and Water Seepage in an Underground Garage LIU Weichao Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 507-512.   Abstract （1676）            Knowledge map    Under a “50-year return period” storm, most of the original anti-uplift ground anchors of a project in Shandong were pulled out. Resulting in a significant uplift of the underground garage structure, multiple locations found cracks at the raft foundations, and several hollow bulges were also observed at the raft foundations. There is an urgent need to repair the underground garage. In response to such hazards, the project adopts a comprehensive mitigation plan that combining “anti-buoyancy grouted ground anchor + drainage and water pressure relief system+pier cap grouting+crack repair”. Finally, the good effect of the “restoration of anti-buoyancy axial resistance+anti-buoyancy reservation for water releasing and pore pressure relief +filling of gaps under the raft foundation+ repairing cracks on the raft foundation” was achieved. Not only did it effectively solve the problems of anti-buoyancy failure of the original structure and raft foundation separation, but it also maximizes the repair of the original damage of the raft foundation. After the mitigation, no further cracking development was observed at the raft foundation, and the ground was flat without water seepage. The mitigation effect was satisfactory. This comprehensive mitigation plan complements and improves each other, and the reinforcement effect is significant. This provides a new approach for similar engineering design and has achieved significant economic and social benefits. Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussions on the Bearing Capacity of Soft Lamellar Weathered and Broken Rock Mass CHEN Yijie, AN Hongyu, CHEN Bo, WAN Junlin Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (4): 655-657.   Abstract （1024）            Knowledge map    The bearing capacity of rock mass is generally estimated from the uniaxial compressive strength test results of the intact rock core. However, in the practical engineering, the soft rock, the lamellar weathered rock, and the broken rock and other reasons such as sampling difficulties, weathering, disintegration and sample preparation disturbance, result in no intact rock core or no representative intact rock core for the uniaxial compressive strength tests. In this paper, the potential difficulties, and risks of estimating the bearing capacity of the rock mass in the broken rock site are analyzed. At the same time, the problems of the uniaxial compressive strength of the intact rock provided by the testing unit during the excavation stage are provided. Based on the analysis of the relationship between foundation loading, uniaxial compressive strength test results. plate loading test results, it is proposed that the bearing capacity of the rock mass for the soft rock, the lamellar weathered rock and the broken rock sites must be comprehensively evaluation based on test data and geological environment, and the suggestions of the range of bearing capacity of the rock mass are provided. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration and Stability Evaluation of Goaf Area in Tangye District in Jinan LIU Xinjuan, XIAO Yunlong Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (4): 594-597.   Abstract （905）            Knowledge map    This paper presents a goaf area investigation and mitigation plan in Tangye District of Jinan City. The Tangye District has a rich deposition of iron ore resources with a high concentration in a very small area. An abandoned mine site was found in a local development district during the engineering investigation stage and was confirmed in the construction stage. The adopted data collection, local resident interview, a variety of means such as drilling, geophysical exploration for the minedout area prospecting, delineated the scope of goaf area, location and size of mine, and evaluate stability of goaf area. Suggestions are proposed to the goaf area to minimize the impact on the proposed building, avoid the goaf caused by environmental problems. These suggestions can provide means and methods protect and improve the abandoned mine environment, protect people’s lives and property, maintain the sustainable development of social economy service, social stability and ecological environment stability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Sandstone Characteristics of Early Silurian Fentou Formation in Wuhan QUAN Feng, ZHENG Siwei, ZHU Fanji, DENG Qingjun Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 266-269.   Abstract （747）            Knowledge map    The Silurian Fentou Formation is widely distributed in Wuhan, and formation consists of mainly argillaceous siltstone, siltstone, and silty mudstone in the area. Based on the microscopic thin section mineral composition identification, rock sample description and uniaxial compressive strength tests, the mineral composition and the engineering properties of quartz fine sandstone and quartz sandstone with bedrock in the Wuhan area of the Fentou Formation are comprehensively studied. The results showed high quartz and feldspar contents in the bedrock mineral composition and high saturated uniaxial compressive strength in the engineering properties. These characteristics are obviously different from the mudstone of the Fentou Formation. However, they are similar in appearance, which is the reason for easily misclassification of the bedrock. It should be determined as the fine sandstone rather than the mudstone. The exposure of the quartz fine sandstone and the quartz sandstone with rock debris has enriched the bed rock types and stratigraphic relationships of the Fentou Formation in Wuhan. Based on the types and the characteristics of fossils in the lower layers of the Fentou Formation, the geological age of the Fentou Formation in Wuhan should be Early Silurian. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Excavation and Support of a Rock Slope and Its Stability Analysis WANG Fei, SHI Xubo, FENG Shikai Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 173-177.   Abstract （727）            Knowledge map    With the continuous development of urban areas, there are more and more rock slope excavation and support problems, and the research on the stability of the slope excavation process becomes more and more important. This study intends to establish a Midas-GTS-NX three-dimensional numerical analysis model for a rock slope of a subway station in the mountainous area and analyze the stress distribution within the slope and the settlement of the road surface at the crest of the slope during the different stages of rock slope excavation. The study results show that the stability factor of safety of the slope is 1.10 in the initial state of the slope, and it is in a marginal stable state. The excavation of the slope causes a large stress concentration phenomenon at the bottom of the excavation area, but the shear stress value less than the shear strength value of the sandstone rock structure, the foundation excavation project will not have shear failure; due to the reinforcement of the soil at the top of the slope, the displacement and deformation value of the crest of the slope during the excavation process is small, which will affect the road surface. The rock slope structure will not be damaged; for the horizontal displacement value, tangential displacement value and settlement value of the upper retaining wall of the slope at different slope excavation stages, the simulation results are all less than the on-site monitored values, but the trend of the simulation results is the same as the on-site monitored data. The same, and the displacement values of the retaining wall during the slope excavation are all within the stable range. These study results can provide references for the similar type of projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation of a Deep Excavation Deformation by Using MIDAS GTS NX GUO Shen, ZHANG Long Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (4): 608-610.   Abstract （625）            Knowledge map    This paper presents a case history of threedimensional finite element analysis simulation of the entire process of a deep excavation support project by using MIDAS GTS NX. The lateral deflection of the supporting structure and the settlement of the adjacent ground with the excavation depth are numerically monitored. The results The results show that the horizontal displacement of the excavation supporting structure is roughly divided into three stages: stable development, transition and rapid development with the excavation depth. The vertical settlement of the adjacent soil around the excavation increases with the excavation depth. It generally shows an increasing trend, and the surrounding soil from near to far shows the pattern of first heave and then downward settlement; under the same working condition, the vertical displacement of the surrounding soil first changes linearly and then settles with the increase of the distance from the edge of the excavation. The volume gradually stabilized. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism and Prevention Measures of Rock Fall Hazards LIU Pengfei Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (3): 335-338.   Abstract （589）            Knowledge map    Rockfall is a common geological hazard in mountainous areas. With the construction of power transmission lines in mountainous areas, the rockfall on the upper part of mountain slopes are potentially more and more harmful to the transmission line towers at the middle and lower parts of the slope. In this paper, a 110kV Shuntan Line 97JHJ tower base slope rockfall hazard evaluation is presented. The evaluation applies principles of the Newtonian motion and the energy conservation, the trajectory model of rockfall is established. The Rn and Rt are used as the parameters for predicting the rebound of the rolling rocks, and the slope friction angle is used as the parameters for the evaluation of the rolling and sliding of rockfalls. The distance, speed and kinetic energy of the rockfalls are simulated by the software to analyze the mechanism of the rolling rocks. Following the principles of the prevention first, remediation as supplement, and combination of prevention and remediation, the three measures of the prevention and treatment of rockfalls are compared and analyzed. The actual sitespecific conditions are taken into the consideration and the appropriate protective measures are implemented. This evaluation process can provide reference for the design and construction of similar projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Low Strain Wave Reflection Method in Length Estimation for the Cast-in-Place Piles KONG Deyong Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 326-329.   Abstract （556）            Knowledge map    The low strain acoustic detection method is a relatively matured method in the pile integrity determination, but it has not been widely used in the pile length estimations. This paper presents a case history of an application of the acoustic method in the pile length estimations. The estimated length is compared with the pile length recorded in the pile installations, as well as the length from the pile coring. Related Articles | Metrics

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Considerations of Pressuremeter Tests in Moderately Weathered Mudstone YANG Shuangle Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (3): 528-530.   Abstract （551）            Knowledge map    By collecting the data of 13 pressuremeter test points in the moderately weathered mudstones in Wuhan Chow Tai Fook Financial Center, the characteristics of the pressuremeter test curve that not approaching the limit pressure PL convergence are expounded. It is observed that P0、Pf、fa、Gm、Em and other parameters in the moderately weathered mudstone tend to increase with the increase of depth. This depth effect is also briefly analyzed in the paper. It is proposed whether the characteristic value fa of rock mass bearing capacity determined by the pressuremeter test needs depth width correction and method for the correction is also provided. At the same time, by comparing the P0 and Pf with the qsia and qpa determined by the pile load test, the approximate relationship between them is evaluated. These analyses and reflections are intended to draw the attention of Wuhan area to the pressuremeter test in the moderately weathered rock mass. Related Articles | Metrics

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Settlement Analysis of Anchor Jacked Pile Reinforcing of the Existing Building Foundations SONG Xiaoguang Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 209-212.   Abstract （542）            Knowledge map    The settlement induced by the anchor jacked pile reinforcing the existing building foundations is divided into immediate settlement and settlement after construction. The immediate settlement is induced by the lateral deformation and the strength reduction of the surrounding soft soils. Results of the finite element analysis show that the foundation heave or settlement change caused by the lateral soil squeezing is related to the upper load and the properties of foundation soil within 15m below the ground, the worse the soil property, the larger the settlement, that is, the major factor of the settlement in most of the reinforcing projects. At the same time, the project case history shows that, there is a hard soil layer under the foundation, which may be heaved due to soil squeezing around the pile. The worse the soil property is, the larger the influence range of immediate settlement is, the lower the strength of soil mass and the force bearing area are, thus increasing the settlement. According to the measured settlement data of typical buildings, the building the immediate settlement consists of 80% of the total settlement. Combined with the characteristics of the anchor jacked pile construction, the post construction settlement cannot be ignored. Based on immediate settlement characteristics, the “suspended loadingcontrollock up loading” procedure is proposed to minimize the settlements of buildings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Formulations for Predicting Compression Modulus in Soil Mechanics FAN Qinglai, WU Yue, MA Siqi, LIU Zhihao Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 236-240.   Abstract （508）            Knowledge map    The compression modulus is an important concept in the soil mechanics, which is often used to evaluate the compressibility of the soil and estimate the final settlement of foundation soil. At present, there are different types of definition or formulations of the compression modulus in different versions of textbooks or design codes domestic and abroad, which is easily to induce the ambiguity in the academic and in the engineering practice. This paper firstly analyzes the various definitions of the compression modulus, and then discusses the different derivation processes of two expressive formulas, throughout a set of one-dimensional compression test data in the existing textbooks. The results show that the two formulas are consistent in general, but different strain measures are utilized. When the applied compressive pressure is not very high, there is little difference between the results from the two formulas. Only when the applied pressive pressure is very high, there is a significant difference between them. From undergraduate education point of view, it is suggested that the engineering strain should be used in the derivation of formulas for the estimating of the compression modulus in the soil mechanics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of High-Pressure Rotary Jet Grouting in Borehole Collapse Large Fills XIAN Li, YAO Bo Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 513-516.   Abstract （500）            Knowledge map    With the rapid expansion of the urban boundary, the original mountainous area has become the urban construction land after the site preparation, which will form many deep fill areas. The later construction of pile foundation is prone to problems such as borehole forming difficulties. This article presents a case history of a municipal road project. The difficulty of drilling large diameter piles located in deep fill soil area is relatively high, and multiple borehole caving occur during the construction. Therefore, a relatively stable and reliable high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile foundation assisted drilling process is proposed. Relevant tests were conducted on site, and the results showed that the use of borehole forming auxiliary technology effectively solved the problem of difficulty of borehole forming for large-diameter pile foundations in deep fill soils. After the completion of pile foundation pouring, the effect was satisfactory. This article conducts experimental investigation on the structural parameters and related arrangements of auxiliary drilling technology through on-site experiments and proposes targeted relevant parameters. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Investigation and Grouting Treatment for a Mined-out Area of Clay Mineral in Zhangqiu District of Jinan TIAN Dongjun Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (5): 759-763.   Abstract （488）            Knowledge map    A proposed project site is at the typical mined-out area of the clay mineral in Zhangqiu District of Jinan. Within the project limits, there are two clay mining sites that had a production period between 1999 and 2014. The mine layer called Layer B was the top of the Permian Shihezi Formation. So, it is critical to identify the distribution range and scale of the mined-out area and to treat it appropriately before the construction. Based on a geological study of the mining area, the geophysical prospecting by using magnetotelluric sounding and exploratory drilling to verify the depth section of the goaf distribution and delineate the plane range for treatment were successfully implemented. A 60-meter survey line was located on both the east and west sides for the magnetotelluric sounding. Then three (3) boreholes were drilled for the verification. According to the Technical Code, the grouting system, in which the treatment area of mined-out area, the amount of work and the injection pressure were determined. The technical workflow and the experience of this project have some applicability in the treatment of the mined-out area extracted from the clay minerals and from the small mines. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Collapse During the Tunnel Excavation in Saturated Completely Weathered Granite Soils YANG Zhao, SHI Zhangru, LUO Huiwu Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (4): 553-557.   Abstract （482）            Knowledge map    The causes of tunnel collapse are complicated. In order to study the causes of a collapse in the tunnel excavation in saturated completely weathered granite soils, this article analyzes the loss of fine particles from the tunnel excavated area. Combined with the triaxial test and the permeability test results, this paper analyzes the structural damage of the completely weathered granite and factors that causing the tunnel collapse. The results are shown as follows. Firstly, as the tunnel is excavated, seepage causes the gradual loss of fine particles at the excavated surface and changes the composition of the completely weathered granite soil structure, so that both the dry density decreases and the void ratio increase. While the coefficient of permeability increases significantly, this leads to intensified piping. The structural damage in the granite soils caused by the seepage is the physical factor of the collapse. Secondly, While the seepage causes the structural damage, the disintegration of the completely weathered granite soils gradually increases, the surrounding rock is softened by the water, the cohesion, the internal friction angle and the shear resistance, the strength decreases accordingly, further reducing the self-stability of the surrounding soil and rock mass, which is the mechanical factor for the collapse of blocks during the excavation process. The structural damage of the completely weathered granite soils caused by the seepage induces tunnel collapse. Controlling the seepage conditions of the groundwater in the stratum is the key to minimize the deterioration of the completely weathered granite mechanical properties due to the seepage and can significantly improve the stability of the tunnel. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determining Characteristic Value of Bearing Capacity of Shallow Sand Foundation LI Jian Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 284-287.   Abstract （478）            Knowledge map    In geotechnical engineering investigation of a shallow sand foundation site, to determine characteristic value of the bearing capacity, a variety of in-situ tests were used including the standard penetration test, the heavy-duty dynamic penetration test, the portable cone sounding test and the shallow plate loading test. Throughout these in-situ tests results, the corresponding characteristic value of bearing capacity were obtained. The analysis reveals that, at site without sufficient engineering experience, the determination of the bearing capacity by a single in-situ test result has fundamental flaws. There are differences in bearing capacity results by different in-situ tests and explore possible explanations for the differences. The shallow plate loading test is of high reliability and has been applied widely in the determination of the bearing capacity value. The comprehensive analysis and discussion on the characteristic value of bearing capacity could improve the safety and economics for the foundation design. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Deformation and Stability Evaluation of High-Fill Slopes in High Cutting Area SONG Dingfeng, XU Junjun, HU Jun, ZHANG Zhenping, FU Xiaodong Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 288-294.   Abstract （478）            Knowledge map    With the increase of urbanization construction in mountainous areas in China, the problems of stability of high-filled slopes, foundation settlement and deformation induced by the hill cutting project are becoming more and more prominent. In this paper, the study on the deformation and stability assessment of the high-filled slope are performed comprehensively using the mechanical property test, finite element simulation, limit equilibrium analysis, and automatic construction monitoring in the Hejia Poverty-Alleviation Industrial Park in Yunxi County, Shiyan City, Hubei Province. The evaluation results show that the maximum settlement at the site during the time-step filling process appears in the surface area. The settlement pattern shows the maximum settlement is at the center and gradually decreasing with the increases with the backfill depth and horizontal distance, with a more obvious spatial influence range. The factor of safety is 2.531 after the backfill. The high-filled slope is in a safer state. However, considering the influence of the subsequent rainfall and the construction load, engineering measures should be applied consequently. The slope deformation was observed occurring mainly within 10 m below the ground surface by combining the long-term monitoring data of settlement and the inclination measurement. The results can provide technical and practical experience for the risk assessment, the geohazard prevention and the control of high-filled slopes in the hill cutting project. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Analysis of a Large-Scale Deep Excavation in Suzhou Using ABAQUS Software and Construction Monitoring CHEN Kaiyu, YUAN Jinxing, ZHANG Ye, LU Jinghui, WANG Yuexiang Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (3): 343-348.   Abstract （470）            Knowledge map    Nowadays, there are more and more large-scale deep excavation projects in cities, and it is particularly important to monitor and analyze the data of the deep excavation and to study the deformation. Based on an example of a large-scale deep excavation project in Suzhou, the accumulated vertical and horizontal deflections at the pile top and the accumulated settlement of the surrounding ground surface during the excavation process were monitored. The monitored data were compared with the numerical analysis results by using software ABAQUS. The results show that the feasibility of the different excavation supporting methods, such as, three-axis mixed soil-cement column inserted by the PHC pipe piles, bored cast-in-place reinforced concrete piles, inclined jet grouted ground anchors, steel pipe rakers, reinforced concrete strut combined with soil nail wall with shotcretes. The displacement at the pile top of the supporting structure, the groundwater level variation outside the excavated area, the surrounding pipelines, and the actual measured values of the settlement of the building are all less than permitted values. The results of the ABAQUS numerical analysis show that the cumulative vertical displacement value at the pile top is consistent with the actual monitored data. Related Articles | Metrics

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Measurement Method and Experimental Study of Karst Rock Cavity Volume XU Guanyu, CHEN Junsheng, WU Bingxin Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 295-299.   Abstract （460）            Knowledge map    In the treatment of the urban karstic rock cavities, grouting is often used to fill and to reinforce the karstic rock cavities. However, it is difficult to obtain the volume information of the cave and the grouting quantity is difficult to control. Therefore, the key to fill the rock cavities is to obtain the volume information of the karstic rock cavities. Based on the experimental principle of the ideal gas state equation, a method of the volume measurement for a closed dry cave is proposed by using the method of the gas injection pressure excitation. That is, the volume of the cave is estimated by measuring the change of the air pressure and the temperature before and after the gas exchange between the model of cave and auxiliary measuring device. The simplified test principle is verified by the CFD software FLUENT. The experimental equipment is designed for the indoor test. The test results verify the feasibility of the simplified principle and the operability of the test device. This method is simple in both principle and application and has the application potential of the cavity connectivity judgment, size estimation and the cave volume estimation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Change of Ice Lake and Collapse Hazards Evaluation of Chongdui Gully Basin in Nyalam County LI Guanbo, ZHANG Luming Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (3): 438-441.   Abstract （450）            Knowledge map    Two large-scale debris flow hazards broke out in the Chongduipu Basin of Nyalam County in 2002, which were mainly caused by the ice lake break. Through the comparison of the remote sensing images in 2017 and 2001 and data in 1987, it is observed that the area of main ice lakes in the basin has changed greatly in the past 30 years. It is preliminarily analyzed that some ice lakes might break. The results show that the area of Galongcuo has increased by 225% and that of Jialongcuo by 101% in the past 30 years; There is one ice lake in a highest-risk state and one in a high-risk state. According to the analysis of the 1/3 and 1/2 breakout modes of Galongcuo Zhongqi Dike, the breakout discharge is 3954 m3/s and 9340 m3/s, respectively. When the Galongcuo collapses according to the 1/3 mode, after the flood peak reaches the post disaster reconstruction Puluo planned new area of Nyalam County, a 45 m wide site area will be submerged. Once a debris flow is formed, the peak flow will reach 6899 m3·s-1, the mud depth of the debris flow will reach 13 m, the depth of the submerged site will be doubled, and the submerged area will be expanded by 30%. At the same time, it will cause serious damage to the Zhongni highway bridge at the gully mouth. It is suggested that corresponding prevention and control measures should be taken in the planning area of the gully mouth to reduce the harm of ice lake break debris flow. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review on Evaluation of Different Types of Soil Landslides Triggered by Rainfall GUO Hanyu, LI Cong, ZHANG Zihao, WANG Jiajun Soil Engineering and Foundation    2023, 37 (2): 253-259.   Abstract （435）            Knowledge map    For different soil types, there are obvious differences in the formation mechanism, deformation and failure characteristics and development conditions of the rainfall-triggered landslide. At present, the classifications on the rainfall-induced landslides have not been systematically distinguished based on the types of landslide soil. It is of great significance to perform the research on the rainfall-induced landslides in different type of soils. In this paper, the landslide mechanism, failure mode and early warning criterion of different type of soil slopes under the rainfall are summarized in detail. These soils include the unsaturated soil, loess, gravelly soil, expansive soil, and other special soils. The current main landslide problems in these soils are discussed, and the future research needs are proposed. It is concluded that the characteristics of different types of soil landslides under rainfall conditions, the process of rainfall-induced deformation and failure of special soil landslides and the early warning criteria of rainfall-induced different soil landslides need to be further studied. The research finds are of a reference value to the research and minimize the rainfall-triggered landslides. Related Articles | Metrics