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    Comprehensive Mitigation of Anti-Buoyancy and Raft Foundation Cracking and Water Seepage in an Underground Garage
    LIU Weichao
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 507-512.  
    Abstract1676)           
    Under a “50-year return period” storm, most of the original anti-uplift ground anchors of a project in Shandong were pulled out. Resulting in a significant uplift of the underground garage structure, multiple locations found cracks at the raft foundations, and several hollow bulges were also observed at the raft foundations. There is an urgent need to repair the underground garage. In response to such hazards, the project adopts a comprehensive mitigation plan that combining “anti-buoyancy grouted ground anchor + drainage and water pressure relief system+pier cap grouting+crack repair”. Finally, the good effect of the “restoration of anti-buoyancy axial resistance+anti-buoyancy reservation for water releasing and pore pressure relief +filling of gaps under the raft foundation+ repairing cracks on the raft foundation” was achieved. Not only did it effectively solve the problems of anti-buoyancy failure of the original structure and raft foundation separation, but it also maximizes the repair of the original damage of the raft foundation. After the mitigation, no further cracking development was observed at the raft foundation, and the ground was flat without water seepage. The mitigation effect was satisfactory. This comprehensive mitigation plan complements and improves each other, and the reinforcement effect is significant. This provides a new approach for similar engineering design and has achieved significant economic and social benefits.
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    Application of High-Pressure Rotary Jet Grouting in Borehole Collapse Large Fills
    XIAN Li, YAO Bo
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 513-516.  
    Abstract500)           
    With the rapid expansion of the urban boundary, the original mountainous area has become the urban construction land after the site preparation, which will form many deep fill areas. The later construction of pile foundation is prone to problems such as borehole forming difficulties. This article presents a case history of a municipal road project. The difficulty of drilling large diameter piles located in deep fill soil area is relatively high, and multiple borehole caving occur during the construction. Therefore, a relatively stable and reliable high-pressure rotary jet grouting pile foundation assisted drilling process is proposed. Relevant tests were conducted on site, and the results showed that the use of borehole forming auxiliary technology effectively solved the problem of difficulty of borehole forming for large-diameter pile foundations in deep fill soils. After the completion of pile foundation pouring, the effect was satisfactory. This article conducts experimental investigation on the structural parameters and related arrangements of auxiliary drilling technology through on-site experiments and proposes targeted relevant parameters.
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    Study on crack development law and strength relationship of red clay under dry-wet cycle
    ZHANG Zhongzhong, ZHAO Daiyao, CHEN Jun, YANG Yongyu, CHEN Taixu
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (4): 729-734.  
    Abstract419)           
    The relationship between the development of cracks and the strength of the original and the remolded red clay in Guizhou under the action of dry-wet cycles are studied in this paper. The mechanical indicators are obtained through dry-wet cycle tests and direct shear tests. The particles (pores) and fracture images are used to identify. The analysis system (PCAS) processes the image and analyzes the fracture index. The results show that: (1) the degree of fissure development of the undisturbed soil is higher than that of the remolded soil; (2) as the number of cycles increases, there is a positive correlation between the surface crack rate, the number of cracks, and the total length of fissures in undisturbed soil samples. The development of soil cracks does not change much with the number of cycles; (3) The number of cycles has an impact on the integrity of the damaged soil samples, and there is an inflection point value for the number of cycles (3-4 times), indicating that the dry-wet cycles only affect the soil under a certain number of times. The development of the sample fissures will have an impact, and the fissures in the soil sample will not increase due to the increase in the number of cycles. In addition, the mechanical properties of the reshaped red clay samples are lower than that of the original red clay. The cohesion of the original red clay decreases with the development of cracks, and the change of the cohesive force of the remolded red clay is less affected by the development of cracks. The angle of the internal friction all increased slightly.
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    Two-Point Method of Liquid and Plastic Limit Water Content Joint Measurement
    WANG Juanhua, WANG Jun, YANG Fuqiang, LAN Hongzhu
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 516-519.  
    Abstract415)           
    The principle of liquid and plastic limits water content joint measurement method is that the depth measured by a cone penetration of a cohesive soil is linear with its water content in the double logarithmic coordinate system. In order to ensure the accuracy of these results or to judge abnormalities, it is needed to measure three different depths of one uniform cohesive soil samples in different water contents to calculate the liquid limit water content and the plastic limit water content. The author’s years’ experience in the liquid and the plastic limits analysis has shown that most types of soil have excellent linearity. Based on the mathematical theorem that two points determine the line, any two points can obtain the line. Further study of the two-point method, the ideal depth range was found. It is shown that the two-point method can ensure the quality better and the lower out-of-tolerance rate by the repeated test to three-point method. In this paper, ideal depth range of the two-point method is obtained by the theoretical deduction and is verified by experiments.
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    Mechanical Parameters of Completely Weathered Granite by Using Pressuremeter Test
    ZHANG Yuxue
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (4): 735-738.  
    Abstract363)           
    The prebored pressuremeter test has the characteristics of small soil disturbance, strong adaptability, and intuitive results. It is suitable for the exploration of the completely weathered granite. This article is based on the survey of the first section of the North Extension Channel Project of Qiaocheng East Road and provides a detailed introduction to the principles and testing process of the prebored pressuremeter test. The P-V curves of the completely weathered granite at the different exploration points in the study area were obtained through the on-site investigation, and the mechanical properties such as the shear modulus, pressuremeter modulus, and characteristic values of the soil bearing capacity were presented. The results show that the mechanical parameters related to the fully weathered granite gradually increase with the increasing of the testing depth. The characteristic values of the soil bearing capacity measured by the pressuremeter test are similar to but slightly larger than the results of the standard penetration test, which indicates the reasonableness of the pressuremeter test.

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    Discussion on Geotechnical Engineering problems of antenna area at QTT site
    LI Mingshuai, LI Haitao, WANG Na, CHEN Maozheng
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (6): 990-995.  
    Abstract357)           
    Qtai Radio Telescope (QTT), as a powerful tool for the deep space exploration by astronomers in the future, is in a syncline fold zone of the North Tianshan Mountains, which is belonging to the Cenozoic depression, with faults, folds and other structures throughout the field. Due to the special engineering significance and the large construction volume of the QTT project, there are few geotechnical engineering reference cases with such weight, high pointing accuracy and high sensitivity requirements for the single-port telescopes domestically and abroad. Based on the particularity and complexity of geotechnical engineering conditions, in this paper, the potential causes, hazards and risk prevention of geotechnical engineering problems in the QTT antenna area are systematically analyzed and evaluated, and corresponding protective measures and construction points are formulated to meet the requirements of the nonuniform settlement of the largediameter antenna foundation, and to provide theoretical basis and experience for the geotechnical engineering investigation, construction and protection of similar major scientific engineering facilities in the future.
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    Analysis on Key Construction Details of a Slope with the Inclined Drainage Hole 
    YU Jin, YANG Zhao, XIONG Qihuan, TONG Defu, ZHANG Ziping
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 404-408.  
    Abstract346)           
    The inclined drain hole is an economical and effective measure to drain the groundwater from slopes. However, the effect is often poor, and the phenomena of no groundwater flowing through, and fast siltation is very common. To further solve these issues, this paper analyzes and discusses the technical methods and principles in the design and construction of the inclined drainage holes in detail based on a rich waterside slope of an expressway. Otherwise, it also explained the design parameters, drainage hole construction requirements. Finally, the two batches of drainage holes were compared in terms of borehole parameters, spatial locations and actual drainage effect. The results show that the hole length and the spatial position of inclined drainage holes are key factors that influencing the drainage effect. Therefore, when designing the drilling parameters, the bore hole position should be arranged in the low elevation position such as the slope toe in combination with the geological investigation data, and the drilling should be extended below the groundwater level or into the aquifer.
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    Analysis of Soil Squeezing Effect of Prefabricated Pipe Piles
    LI Hongwei, YANG Guangyu, XIE Liang
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (6): 971-974.  
    Abstract342)           
    The case history of the1600mm acid pickling (HAPL) project of a stainless-steel company is presented in this paper. The ABAQUS software is used to simulate the soil squeezing effect of PHC pipe piles. The influence of PHC pipe pile diameter and the friction coefficient of the pile soil interface on the soil squeezing effect are discussed, and suggestions that controlling the soil squeezing effect of PHC pipe piles are proposed. The results show that, with the development of the PHC pipe pile installation process, the radial displacement of the soil increases gradually and decays rapidly after reaching the peak value in the pile tip area; The radial displacement of the soil decreases logarithmically with the increase of the distance from the pile center, and the influence range of the soil squeezing effect is about 9 times of the pile diameter. The diameter of the PHC pipe pile and the friction coefficient of the pile-soil interface have a great influence on the soil squeezing effect. With the increase of the friction coefficient, the radial displacement of the soil increases, while the surface uplift gradually decreases. The radial displacement of the soil and the surface uplift increase with the increase of the pile diameter.
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    Investigation and Mechanism Analysis of Deep Karst Collapse in Ping Tang, Qian Nan, China#br#
    LIAO Youbin, LIU Hong, WU Yuhang
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (1): 101-107.  
    Abstract336)           
    A well-developed karst development area in Qian Nan Prefecture, Guizhou Province was selected as the research background. A total of eight known collapse sites in the study area were investigated and analyzed. By investigating the relationship between the underground dark river and the distribution of karstic rock caves near the collapse sites, the scale of the collapse body, the lithology of the top plate of the caves and the structure of the rock body, etc., we s〖HJ*4/9〗ummarize the development characteristics of the deep karst bedrock collapse and the mechanism of the collapse. The results show that: (1) the deep karst subsidence in the study area occurs mostly in the area of fracture tectonic development, the subsidence area is more developed in the dissolution fissure and subducting cavern, and the subsidence location is affected by the underground dark river and the subsidence scale is controlled by the structural surface; (2) according to the lithology of the cavern roof plate and the structure of the rock body, this kind of subsidence mode can be summarized into the gravity collapse of the crushing type of the karst roof plate and the gravity collapse of the penetration type of the karst roof structural surface; (3) the subsidence mechanism of the deep karst bedrock is summarized as follows. The depth of the subducted cavern determines the depth of collapse, the degree of fragmentation of the rock body and the development of the structural surface of the cavern roof affects the stability of the roof, and the low stability of the cavern roof is easy to induce the karst collapse when the deep-cut dissolution structural surface is developed. Through the study of this kind of collapse, we have a deeper understanding of the development characteristics and collapse mechanism of deep karst collapse, which will provide some reference for the subsequent collapse early warning work.
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    Shear Tests on Soft and Hard Materials in Rock Joints and Damage Characterization
    LONG Guangyu, WANG Hong, SHAO Peng
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (3): 543-546.  
    Abstract333)           
    There are soft and hard materials in the rock joints composed of different infill stiffness in nature. The investigation into the shear properties of these rock joints has substantial relevance for the stability of the intertwined roughness. Shear tests are conducted to investigate the shear strength and failure characteristics of the soft and hard rock joints under various conditions of joint roughness coefficient and normal stresses where in the failure characteristics are quantified based on the area of the failure surface post-shearing of the joint surface. The results indicate that both the shear strength and the area of the shear failure surface escalate with an increase in joint roughness coefficient and normal stress. A larger difference in the hardness of the rock joint walls leads to a more pronounced difference in the degree of shear failure on either side with the softer joint surface exhibiting a larger failure surface area compared to the harder joint surface. A distinct correlation is observed between the shear test strength and the hardness of the joint walls with the shear strength of a joint wall being inferior to that of a joint wall with increased hardness on one side. This investigation elucidates the shear behavior of rock joints in intertwined roughness, which will help in the prevention of landslide hazards on this type of slopes.
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    Factors Affecting the Construction of Shallow Buried Tunnels Passing Through Existing Steel High-Voltage Towers
    ZENG Xiangjin
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (6): 1039-1043.  
    Abstract302)           
    To analyze the impact of the shallow buried tunnel construction on the existing steel high-voltage iron towers, a two-dimensional numerical analysis model was established for the Damoshan Tunnel project. The safety of the tunnel excavation plan is verified, and the sensitivity factor analysis on the settlement of the tunnel arch top during the construction of the tunnel under the existing steel high-voltage tower is carried out by using the orthogonal experimental method. The effects of the tunnel embedment depth, the horizontal distance between the tunnel and the steel tower, excavation method, and changes in tunnel width on the vertical displacement of the tunnel arch top are evaluated. The following conclusions are drawn: 1) Surface grouting can effectively control the settlement of steel tower foundations and has a significant effect on preventing the tower instability. 2) The conclusion of the orthogonal experiment indicates that the embedment depth has a controlling effect on the settlement of the tunnel arch crown. As the depth of the tunnel increases, the settlement of the tunnel arch shows a downward trend. The increase in the horizontal distance between the tunnel and the center of the steel tower, as well as the width of the tunnel, will increase the settlement of the tunnel arch. The research results have some guiding and reference significance for the tunnel construction under similar conditions and the protection of adjacent existing buildings and structures.
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    Estimation of Foundation Bearing Capacity and Compression Modulus by Cone Penetration Test
    YUAN Pengju, ZHANG Lifeng, CHEN Longyang, HAN Wenyong, LIU Peng
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 648-652.  
    Abstract300)           
    A safe, reasonable and high efficiency geotechnical design in a practical engineering project is based on a comprehensive analysis of the site-specific soil and rock properties. In this paper, the soil bearing capacity and compression modulus of the central foundation of a large project in Beijing are estimated by using the in-situ testing technique of cone penetration test (CPT). The results show that the variation of the bearing capacity of the foundation estimated by the CPT and the actual laboratory test is roughly the same, and the bearing capacity of the foundation is slightly different at various depth points. The compression modulus of soil layer estimated by CPT is slightly smaller than that measured from the laboratory test. At a soil depth of 32.6m, the compression modulus determined by CPT is much larger than that determined by laboratory test results. The compression modulus estimated by the CPT and the actual compression modulus vary with the depth of the soil. The results show that the CPT can accurately reflect the actual bearing capacity and the compression modulus of soils.
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    Impact of a New Shielded Tunnel Underpasses the Existing Operating Tunnel
    GU Kai, ZHANG Xiangxiang, CHEN Bigang
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (1): 1-04.  
    Abstract292)           
    To obtain the influence pattern of a new shield tunnel underpass the existing operating tunnel, the construction case history of the Xiamen Metro Line No. 4 underpasses an existing operating highway tunnel is presented in this paper. The commercial software Midas GTS NX to simulate the whole process of the shield tunnel under passing the existing operating tunnel in the left and right lines respectively, and to investigate the influence of the under passing tunnel angle and other factors on the mechanical behavior of the operating tunnel, the research results show that: as the shield tunnel continues to excavate, the results show that the existing tunnel settlement increases as the shield tunnel is excavated, but the existing tunnel settlement only changes significantly when the shield tunnel is excavated directly below the operating tunnel; the final settlement of the existing tunnel increases as the angle of the underpass tunnel decreases. The results of the study can provide a scientific reference for similar projects.
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    Numerical Simulation Study on Fluid-Solid Coupling of Submerged Soil Arch Collapse
    ZHANG Lei, XIANG Xiqiong, LIU Hong, LI Linwei, WANG Wenjun
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (6): 1027-1032.  
    Abstract290)           
    The red clay has poor permeability from top to bottom, making it difficult for suffusion-induced soil arch phenomena to occur naturally. The repeated rise and fall of groundwater enhance the erosion at the rock-soil interface, causing the clay minerals within the red clay to disintegrate upon contact with water. This easily leads to the formation of localized blocks, promoting the development of soil arches, disrupting the soil structure, and providing conditions for suffusion due to the instability of the internal structure, ultimately leading to the collapse of the suffusion-induced soil arches.To elucidate the development process of this collapse type, this study combines typical collapse incidents in recent years at Dongdiu, Libo, Qiannan. By utilizing the Geo-Studio numerical simulation software, the study simplifies the groundwater erosion process as excavation to investigate the process of red clay suffusion-induced collapse in the shallow buried cover layers in karst regions. The results indicate that groundwater erosion directly impacts the seepage field and stress field of the cover layer, leading to localized stress concentration and changes in the seepage field. During seepage, the reduction in effective stress results in an increase in localized displacement of the cover layer under its own gravity, accelerating the instability of the soil structure, and promoting the development of suffusion, ultimately leading to collapse.
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    Application of the Prefabricated Steel Support on the Reaction Frame for the Shielded Tunnel Excavations
    JIANG Wei
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (4): 640-645.  
    Abstract289)           
    As a critical load-bearing structure at the shield launching stage, the reaction frame system must meet the requirements for strength, rigidity, and stability to withstand the substantial thrust generated during the launching stage. Currently, in shield construction, the reaction frame support needs to be fabricated and installed on-site, often facing challenges such as high construction difficulty, low work efficiency, poor reliability, and high costs. These issues severely limit the construction progress and safety of the shield tunneling method. To circumvent these problems, this study innovatively proposes an approach that uses prefabricated reaction frame steel supports to replace traditional steel supports. This approach not only reduces the difficulty of on-site construction work, effectively controls construction risks and schedules but also significantly saves construction costs and reduces unnecessary resource waste. By increasing the usage frequency of the prefabricated reaction frame steel supports, it will highlight the great advantages of the present research method over the on-site fabrication and installation method. The application of prefabricated support systems offers a broad scope for the high-quality development of construction levels during the shield launching stage, aiming to provide guidance for the safe execution of similar projects.
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    Analysis and Mitigation of Baolongyu Landslide in Chang’an District, Xi’an
    LU Zhi, SHANG Qi
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (6): 892-895.  
    Abstract283)           
    This paper presents the case history of Baolongyu landslide in Chang’an District, Xi’an City. The basic characteristics of the subsurface conditions at the landslide site, possible factors that might triggering the landslide are evaluated and the stability of the landslide is also performed through the geotechnical data provided by the investigation and the back analysis. The geotechnical parameters required for the landslide mitigation design are obtained and the mitigation plan is therefore proposed. The research results show that the Baolongyu landslide is a shallow accumulation landslide induced by the rainfall; The landslide is in an unstable state under the natural conditions. According to the stability of the landslide analysis, the concept of comprehensive mitigation: “slope backfill + sheet pile wall + passive protective wire mesh net + reinforced concrete retaining wall + intercepting and drainage” is finally adopted. The wedgeshaped chute is backfilled, the sheet pile wall and the reinforced concrete retaining wall are arranged at the toe of the landslide slope, the passive protective wire mesh net is arranged at the top of the pile and the wall, and the chute and drainage ditch are arranged on the slope to drain the rainwater on the slope and to ensure the stability of the landslide.
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    Ecological Restoration and Comprehensive Treatment of an Abandoned Quarry-A Case Study of Eastern Honghualing Quarry Longgang of District, Shenzhen
    LI Ming, LUO Xiaobin, HUANG Min
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (5): 785-791.  
    Abstract281)           
    Currently, there are many abandoned quarries having geological and environment hazards in Shenzhen. The case history of the Eastern Honghualing Quarry of Longgang District, Shenzhen is presented in this paper as an example for the detailed global and local stability analysis on the slope throughout the field investigations. The current slope failure modes, vegetation distribution and the soil erosion of the quarry are investigated. Comprehensive remediation measures such as slope clearing, SNS active protection net + ground anchor, reinforced concrete grid beams + ground anchor and drainage ditches are proposed for the quarry slopes. The ecological and environment restoration program include the stacking ecological bags within the grid beams, planting of climbing vines and shrubs in the planting channels and spraying and mixing plants to restore the vegetation. The analysis of the construction process and the monitoring results after the construction shows that the slope deformation has tended to be stable, and the quarry has been environmentally restored. The remediation program is feasible and provides a reference for the restoration and comprehensive treatment of the ecological and environmental issues of the similar abandoned quarries. 
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    Emergency Mitigation and of High-Pressure Artesian Water Inrush a Large Deep Excavation Project in Yangtze Floodplains at Jiangbei New District of Nanjing
    FANG Qing, MA Shiqiang
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (1): 8-12.  
    Abstract278)           
    As the Nanjing Jiangbei New District is designated as a state-level new district, the development and construction of Yongjiang new Jiangbei main city has become one of the major projects in Nanjing’s urban development. The Linjiang stratum is a typical Yangtze River floodplain dual structure stratum, with the upper part of 20 m~30 m soft silty soil and the lower part of deeply deposited saturated fine sand, medium coarse sand and gravel sand with artesian high groundwater head, which has a great influence on the deep excavation projects. The high-pressure artesian groundwater is easily inducing the water intrusion hazard in deep excavation projects, which results in great economic losses to owners and the society. Based on a successful case history of mitigating a deep and large excavation intrusion in Jiangbei New District, different emergency treatment methods are adopted according to the different volumes of the intrusions in the excavated area. The mitigation results are summarized to provide technical reference for the similar engineering projects, especially in the Yangtze River floodplain areas.
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    A Case Study of Emergency Reinforcement Design Using Steel Rakers for A Deep Excavation Support in Wuhan Soft Soils
    HU Ke, HAN Shuai, TAI Jun, ZHANG Jie, ZHAO Chenxi
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2024, 38 (5): 770-774.  
    Abstract274)           
    This paper presents a case history of analyzing a sudden excessive deformation of the soldier piles of a deep excavation support project within the first terrace of Yangtze River in Wuhan. Throughout an emergency reinforcement project, the importance of implementing the design conditions during the deep excavation supporting system construction is demonstrated in the paper. When the excessive deformation occurred, it is necessary to analysis the deformation and stress characteristics in the original support system as well as the monitoring data. It is also important to find out the reasons that resulting in the support structure failure, to analyze the condition of the soldier piles after the support structure undergone the stress deformation, and to develop feasible reinforcement measures based on site conditions. These timely measures prevented further deterioration of the failure, and the full-process monitoring data analysis fully validated the rationality and the effectiveness of the emergency remediation plan. This case study fully demonstrates the necessity of the implementing of design conditions and has important significance for improving the construction management of deep excavation projects. It also provides a reference for preventing similar accidents in the future.
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    Detailed Geotechnical Investigation of a Site with Complex Geological Conditions in Shanghai
    WANG Xue
    Soil Engineering and Foundation    2025, 39 (4): 517-522.  
    Abstract266)           
    The scope of geotechnical investigation is to provide related accurate guidance and reference parameters for the upcoming engineering construction. For projects within complex geological subsurface conditions, the technical requirements for geotechnical investigation are more comprehensive, the types of investigation methods are more, and the key technical problems to be solved are more stringent. A project in Jiading District of Shanghai is presented in the paper.  The complex building layout and site geological subsurface conditions of the proposed project, combined with similar engineering experience in Shanghai are briefed. Based on the collection of existing geological background data and pre-analysis, the relevant geotechnical parameters are obtained by comprehensive use of drilling, sampling, laboratory, in-situ testing and other investigation methods. To find out the engineering geological characteristics and changes of foundation soil within the scope of site investigation depth, a comprehensive assessment of soil characteristics is performed. Hydrology, site stability and building suitability under complex geological subsurface conditions of the project are evaluated, and the foundation treatment and related geotechnical suggestions to provide guidance for building construction are also proposed.
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