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    20 May 2020, Volume 34 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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    Safety Evaluation of the Impact of Shielded Tunneling Construction on An Electricity Tower Foundation
    XIE Jinrong
    2020, 34 (2):  89-93. 
    Abstract ( 488 )   Save
    The risk factors affecting the safety of pylon foundation in the shield tunneling under tunnels are analyzed. A threedimensional finite element software was used to establish a continuous medium model to simulate the entire process of the shielded tunneling. The results of the surface settlement curve, accumulated settlement, differential settlement and the tilting angle of the foundation around the tower foundation during the shielded tunneling were calculated and the results were processed. The results were compared with the safety control standard values and the safety evaluation conclusions were proposed. The results show that: when the shallowburied independent foundation of the electricity tower is located in the main influence area of the tunnel settlement, the doubleline shield will induce the secondary disturbance to the foundation consequently.The surface settlement, the settlement at the center of the foundation and the differential settlement among the adjacent foundations all exceed the control value. The overall inclination of the tower exceeds the alarm value. The shielded tunneling construction poses a serious threat to the safety of the electricity tower, and the overall transformation of the tower is required.
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    Mitigation Design and Construction of the Slab Heave of a Single-Story Underground Garage
    DING Sheng
    2020, 34 (2):  94-97. 
    Abstract ( 385 )   Save
    The basement floor heave hazards are frequently encountered in thick soft soils with high groundwater level as urban Shanghai area. This paper presents a case history of the mitigation design and construction of the floor slab heave of a singlestory underground garage in Jiading District of Shanghai City. The distress causes, design principles and mitigation construction major steps are also presented in the paper. The observational results from two years after the mitigation construction indicate that the pressin steel pipe piles by using ground anchor as the reaction is both technically sound and cost effective.
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    Discussions on the Piled Foundation and Deep Excavation Supporting Systems
    GENG Xiewei
    2020, 34 (2):  98-100. 
    Abstract ( 469 )   Save
    With the rapid development of the economy and the fast increase of the urban population, the issues in the urban constructions are consequently and frequently encountered. The urban construction sites are becoming more and more confined, the surrounding environments are also complicated and variable during the construction periods. The interfaces of different construction sequences and procedures are discussed in the paper. The challenge goal of complete the entire construction work within the tight schedule without compromise the quality by controlling the smooth flow of different construction procedures are evaluated. The key issues and critical points in the deep excavation supporting system and piled foundation construction are analyzed in the paper. The methods of optimizing the construction and measures for resolving the frequently encountered problems are also provided in the paper.

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    Integrated Engineering Geological Investigations for a River Crossing Tunnel of Wuhan Metro Line 7
    LU Xiaoqing
    2020, 34 (2):  101-104. 
    Abstract ( 422 )   Save
    It is one of the most important tasks in the geological investigation of the proposed river crossing tunnel of Wuhan Metro Line 7 to evaluate the location, occurrence, scale and width of the active faults, especially the Holocene active faults, and their impact on the project in detail. The feasibility of the shallow seismic reflection method in water area is verified by the numerical simulations. Through the combination of the shallow seismic reflection wave method and the geological drilling method, the range and depth of the geological fault zone in the proposed rivercrossing tunnel of Wuhan Metro Line 7 are able to be determined, and the boundary between the overburden and the bedrock is divided. The integrated investigation results show that: (1) the F9 fault zone has obvious wave group absence in the reflection timedistance profile, and has the good response characteristics, which corresponds well with the regional geological structure. The location, occurrence and depth of the fault can be inferred; (2) The geophysical characteristics of the overburden layer and the bedrock are distinctly distinguished. After the drilling sampling, the interface of the reflection wave group corresponds well with the interface of the overburden layer and bedrock; (3) The tunnel barrel passes through the overlying loose sand layer, so the fault has no effect on the project.
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    Study on the Drainage of High Fill Embankment for the Third Runway of Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport
    LI Zheng
    2020, 34 (2):  105-108. 
    Abstract ( 393 )   Save
    The elevation difference between the original ground at the bottom of the embankment and the runway surface at Qingshanggou, which is the proposed third runway construction site of Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport, is 95 meters. Further, the elevation difference between the foot of the slope at the runway and the top of the slope is more than 165 meters. How to ensure the stability of high fill embankment is the key point of the project construction success. Drainage is a critical factor affecting the stability of high fill runway embankment of the Jiangbei International Airport. Groundwater, surface water and atmospheric precipitation are the main water sources in the construction period and in the runway operation after the construction. Based on the steep terrain and complicated subsurface conditions in Qingshanggou, an integrated drainage system was achieved by constructing a comprehensive drainage system for the drainage of the original foundation, fill embankment and the slope surface. This system effectively ensures the stability of the high fill embankment of the third runway project of Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport.
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    B4 Abutment Site Excavation Plan for the Lvzhijiang River Crossing Bridge
    JIANG Wenpeng, ZHANG Bin, XING Erwen, LU Te, LU Zhiqiang, YIN Xiaotao
    2020, 34 (2):  109-113. 
    Abstract ( 513 )   Save
    The excavation reinforcement is frequently required for the construction of the bridge structure and its ancillary structure such as, bridge foundations, tower foundations and anchorage blocks. Therefore, selecting the appropriate excavation and reinforcement system is particularly important. This paper presents the excavation plan for the B4 bridge abutment site at the left bank of Yuxi River. The proposed B4 bridge is for the YuChu Expressway at the Lvzhijiang river crossing. Factors that affecting the stability of the bridge abutment at the left bank were evaluated through the geological survey and subsurface investigations. The stability issues of slopes below and above the proposed tunnel construction trestle and slopes below the cable stay tower were analyzed by using limit equilibrium method. The slope stability mitigation and reinforcement measures at various locations are proposed with comprehensive cost comparations. The optimized excavation plan with balanced excavation volume and cost was proposed.
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    Application of Investigations for the Special Construction Methods in the Geotechnical Investigation for a Highway Project
    QI Lei, LIU Jun, TIAN Zhifei
    2020, 34 (2):  114-116. 
    Abstract ( 420 )   Save
    The geotechnical investigation for the special construction methods is an important part of the geotechnical engineering practice. This paper presents two case histories of geotechnical investigations for a highway tunnel to be excavated by the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) method and a proposed highway box culvert under cross a railway by horizontal jacking method. The geotechnical investigation aspects of TBM excavation in hard rock and horizontal jacking of highway box culvert in soft soil are introduced in the paper. The characteristics of the geotechnical investigation for the special construction methods are evaluated. The engineering practices indicate that in the highway construction projects, the special investigation has wide applications and is also important.
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    Mitigation of Voids Behind a Tunnel Liner
    LEI Dong
    2020, 34 (2):  117-120. 
    Abstract ( 638 )   Save
    In the highway projects, more and more construction related defects and hazards are frequently encountered. One of these serious defects and hazards is the voids behind the tunnel liners. These voids would reduce the capacity of the liner and further, the presence of the groundwater in the void would induce the damage to the liner and therefore impede the safe operation of the tunnel. The conventional void mitigation method is filling the voids with cement mortar. However, the workability of the cement mortar is poor and the segregation of the coarse aggregates from the mortar is frequently encountered. Completely fill the voids is often difficult. The foam concrete, which is a relative new material with an excellent flowability and small unit weight, has been successfully applied in filling the voids behind the tunnel liners. This method belongs to the rehabilitation of the hazards on the existing tunnel and the results are satisfactory.
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    Global Stability of Highway Embankments Under the Local Unfavorable Geological Conditions
    ZENG Liangliang, YIN Xiaotao
    2020, 34 (2):  121-126. 
    Abstract ( 439 )   Save
    Geological conditions of Yunnan Plateau are very complicated. Land resources are limited, and engineering hazards associated with the fill embankments are frequently encountered. The geotechnical investigation for the proposed Highway Bridge No.1 at Baiyan Village in Kangzheng to Gengma Expressway project indicated that unfavorable subsurface conditions, such as soft soils and karst rock cavities, were encountered at the proposed bridge substructure locations. A fill embankment was selected to replace the proposed bridge. The global stability of the fill embankment would determine whether this approach can be implemented. The stability of the fill embankment above the unfavorable karst rock cavities and pinnacles under various loading conditions were analyzed with Bishop method. It is concluded that the presence of the karst geology has an adverse impact on both the global and local stabilities. The proposed embankment would be stable after the appropriate ground improvement.

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    Deep Excavation Supporting System Using Concrete Filled Point Bearing Steel Pipe Pile in Quaternary Soils over Bedrock
    GAO Xiang, KE Chengjian
    2020, 34 (2):  127-130. 
    Abstract ( 384 )   Save
    Gneiss and granite bedrock are widely distributed in the southeast of Shandong Peninsula, and the bedrock is shallow deposited or even exposed. A typical soil/rock profiles that is frequently encountered in the deep excavation projects consists of the following special strata that is locally called “soil overlying bedrock”, namely, from top down: Quaternary unconsolidated deposits; strongly weathered bedrock and moderately to slightly weathered bedrock. This paper presents a case history of deep excavation supporting structure that is consisting of anchored concrete filled, point bearing steel pipe pile in the upper soil layer and rock socketed micropile with rock anchors in the lower bedrock layer. This supporting structure has the advantages of cost effective and high efficiency. Compared with drilled and castinpace concrete piles, this supporting structure can be easily installed in the bedrock layer. Based on the analysis and construction monitoring results, the supporting system could meet the deformation requirements of the deep excavation and the safety of the adjacent structures and utilities were warranted.
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    Construction Method Design of Meihua No.2 Tunnel in Karst Terrain for an Expressway Project
    JIAN Yilin, CHEN Chi, PENG Wenbo
    2020, 34 (2):  131-134. 
    Abstract ( 355 )   Save
    The Meihua No.2 tunnel is located in the karst terrain. The fill soils in these welldeveloped rock cavities and pinnacles are soft to medium clay. This paper presents the construction techniques used in the liner selection, rock mass stabilization, advanced excavation support and the predicative geological conditions drilling during the tunnel excavation. Different construction techniques were used based on the karst geological conditions encountered during the construction. The tunnel was successfully constructed and is under the operation.
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    Influence of Two Deep Excavations Next to Each Other in Soft Soils
    CHEN Hanbo
    2020, 34 (2):  135-139. 
    Abstract ( 410 )   Save
    The evaluation of the deep excavation coupled influence zone is critical to the deep excavation supporting structure design and the protection of the adjacent buildings and utilities. This paper presents a case history of evaluation a slurry wall as the deep excavation supporting structure. The slurry wall system was simulated by the plane strain finite element model with modified CamClay soil constitutive model. The measured vertical and horizontal deflections in a single deep excavation pit were compared with the numerical analysis results. The required slurry wall dimensions at different spacing between two deep excavation pits, different excavation depths in each pit are investigated. Throughout the parametric studies on the spacing and depth of two adjacent deep excavations, the coupled influence zone was thoroughly evaluated. The results indicated that, the soil constitutive model and other soils parameters used in the analysis are appropriate. The influence of the adjacent deep excavation reduces with the increase spacing between two excavations. The horizontal influence zone can be characterized as ten times of the excavation depth.
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    Geotechnical Investigations of Bridge Foundations in Cobble Soils
    GAO Qingcai, ZHANG Guochao
    2020, 34 (2):  140-144. 
    Abstract ( 441 )   Save
    Drilling for the geotechnical borehole or for the piled foundation in thick cobble soils will frequently encounter difficulties, such as, severe drill bit wearing, low drilling rate, borehole instability, difficult in drill waste or rock core removal. Properly and accurately characterizing the grain size distribution and geotechnical properties are critical to the success of piled foundations in the cobble soils. This paper presents a case history of geotechnical investigations and castinplace pile installation in thick cobble soils for the Jili Yellow River Crossing Bridge. The effectiveness of drilling technique and borehole stability in the thick cobble soils layers are evaluated. Suggestions for the end bearing, side frictions of pile and pile installations in cobble soils are also provided in the paper.
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    The Design and Practice of Foundation Pit Engineering Combining the Top-down Method for the Annex Building and Ordinary Excavation Method for Main Building
    DI Guoen,
    2020, 34 (2):  145-151. 
    Abstract ( 383 )   Save
    Based on the second phase project of Nanjing Deji square, this paper introduces the design and practice of deep foundation pit engineering combining the topdown method for the annex building and ordinary excavation method for main building, and summarizes the key technologies and countermeasures of the combination of the topdown method for the annex building and ordinary excavation method for main building. The results monitoring show that the combination of the topdown method and ordinary excavation method greatly accelerates the construction progress of the annex building, achieves the established construction goal, effectively protects the surrounding environment, saves social resources, and achieves good social benefits, which can provide reference for similar projects.
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    Optimization of Anchored Frame Beams Using Two-Parameter Method
    WANG Chunguang, ZHU Shouzeng, LIU Yukun, PANG Banghui, HUI Yanglei
    2020, 34 (2):  152-158. 
    Abstract ( 385 )   Save
    The Two-Parameter Method was used for the analysis of maximum bending moments in relation with the flexibility eigenvalue lambda under various cantilever arm and span lengths. The results show that the bending moment of foundation beam is not determined by the coefficient of foundation subgrade or the bending stiffness of the beam, but by the eigenvalue of flexibility. The ratio of the cantilever arm length to the span length determines the bending direction at the end of the beam and indirectly affects the overall bending moment of the beam. When the eigenvalue of flexibility is small and the ratio of cantilever length to span is in the range of 0.32~0.35, with the decrease of lambda, the change of bending moment of the foundation beam is small, in other words, the influence of lambda is small, so the stress in the frame beam is more reasonable.
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    Influence of Artesian Groundwater on the Overturning Stability of a Single Layer Supporting Structure for a Deep Excavation
    YANG Jibao
    2020, 34 (2):  159-164. 
    Abstract ( 451 )   Save
    The overturning stability check is very important in the single layer supporting structure for the deep excavations. The formula of quantifying the influence of the artesian groundwater on both sides of the supporting structure were deduced based on the influence of artesian groundwater on the overburden stress of above soils so that the effect of artesian groundwater on the stability of the single layer deep excavation structure can be evaluated. The results indicate that an adverse effect of the artesian groundwater on the stability of the supporting deep excavation structure could be concluded. Factors that might affect the stability are head of the artesian groundwater, distance between the bottom of aquitard soil layer to the bottom of deep excavation and the thickness of the aquitard. Throughout out the engineering practice, measures such as, lowering the groundwater head and improving the sealing at the bottom of the excavation can effectively reduce the effect of artesian groundwater on the stability the supporting structures. It is further suggested that the future design code should consider the effect of the artesian groundwater on the stability of the supporting structures for deep excavations.
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    Engineering Properties of Mucky Silty Clay Under Slight Artesian Groundwater Conditions
    WANG Hongzhen, LEI Bingxiao, GONG Liang, DING Qingzhong
    2020, 34 (2):  165-167. 
    Abstract ( 549 )   Save
    The engineering properties of mucky silty clay have the following features: high compressibility, high moisture content, high sensitivity, easily to be disturbed and low shear strength. A proposed site is located at the outlet area of the Baiquan Springs. The thick Quaternary mucky silty clay overlays the silt soil and karst rock cavities and pinnacles which the slight artesian groundwater flows. The lower silt layer is a medium permeable artesian aquifer which receives the water head from lower groundwater flows. If the appropriate engineering measures are not applied in the mucky silty clay layer during the foundation construction, the occurrence of the groundwater gushing hazard is relatively high. It is concluded that the engineering properties of the mucky silty soils are changed under this special hydrological condition and therefore, the supporting structure for the deep excavation and the bottom soils improvement need to be appropriately considered.
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    Interface Properties between Silty Clay and Concrete
    SUN Licheng, HU Jianlin, YU Hai, WANG Panpan
    2020, 34 (2):  168-170. 
    Abstract ( 345 )   Save
    In order to study the mechanical properties between silty clay and concrete interface, a series of interface direct shear tests were performed by using a large direct shear apparatus. The interface properties were obtained under different normal stresses (5 kPa, 20 kPa, 50 kPa, 100 kPa and 150 kPa) as well as different moisture contents (12%, 14% and 16%). The following conclusions can be obtained: 1) under the same moisture content, the shear strength at the pilesoil interface increases with the increase of normal stress; 2) under the same normal stress; both the shear strength and the initial tangent shear modulus decreases with the increase of the moisture content; 3) The MohrCoulomb relationship can be used to describe the interface behavior between the silty clay and concrete.
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    Numerical Analysis of the Influence on the Proposed Pile Adjacent to the Existing Piled Bridge Foundations
    LI Fada, LING Xianzhang, SU Lei, YANG Zhongnian
    2020, 34 (2):  171-175. 
    Abstract ( 515 )   Save
    With the rapid development of China's high-speed railway, it is common that the proposed railway bridges cross the existing railway alignments. As the piled foundations are extensively used in the railway projects, the influence of the proposed piled bridge foundations on the existing pile supported footings has become one of the concerned topics in the pile foundation engineering practice. How to evaluate the impact of the proposed piled foundations on the existing footings is a critical engineering issue. In this paper, using a practical engineering background, a threedimensional numerical model is established by using software OpenSees, which is an open source finite element analysis platform. The multiyield surface elastoplastic constitutive model was used for soils and the pile foundation was simulated by the elastic beamcolumn element. Through the response of the axial force and displacement, the influence of the proposed piled foundation on the existing footing structure was evaluated. The numerical results show that: (1) when the distance between the proposed piled foundation and the existing footing is 9.71 m, the proposed piled foundation has an obvious influence on the axial force of the existing piles, which increases the axial force in the existing pile foundation by 25%; (2) The proposed piled foundation has a certain influence on the displacement of the existing deep foundations, and has the greatest influence on the vertical displacement of the existing footings, among other factors. This influence increases the vertical displacement at the existing pile foundation by up to 45%. The numerical analysis results provide could a guide and reference for the study of the similar engineering projects.
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    Numerical Evaluation of a Subway DeepExcavation Near a Slope
    TAN Wei
    2020, 34 (2):  176-180. 
    Abstract ( 390 )   Save
    The metro deep excavation sites are commonly located in the highly urbanized area with complicated conditions. The stress and deformation of the deep excavation supporting structures are frequently affected by the adjacent environments and are the usually the focus of the construction engineering projects. This paper presents a numerical analysis results for the deep excavation for the Maozhutang Station of Changsha Metro No.5 Line. This deep excavation is close to a high slope and was numerically simulated by using a finite difference software FLAC3D. The stress and deformation in the supporting structures in the excavation progress were simulated and the results were compared with the construction monitoring data. The following conclusions can be obtained based on the numerical analysis and measured data: a maximum of 8.0 centimeter of heave was observed at the bottom of the excavation and the accumulative subsidence surrounding the excavated area was 2.23 centimeter; At the initial stage of the excavation, the top of the supporting structure tilted towards the excavation and a “bow” shaped deformation in the supporting structure was observed in the later phase of the excavation. The maximum accumulated horizontal deflection measured was 1.67 centimeter in an inclinometer. The numerical analysis predicted the same deformation shape, but the maximum lateral deflection was slightly less than the measured value. The bending moment in the concrete struts increased gradually and reached to the maximum value and gradually stabled when the second layer of steel struts were applied. The axial stress in the steel strut changed differently with the incremented excavation depths.
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    Qualitative and Quantitative Stability Evaluation of Bank Slopes Near Lixianjiang River Crossing Bridge
    LI Wuxiong, YANG Hua, LU Zhiqiang, YIN Xiaotao
    2020, 34 (2):  181-184. 
    Abstract ( 326 )   Save
    The slope stability of riverbanks at the propose Lixianjiang River Crossing Bridge was a concern. The global stability of the entire riverbanks was first evaluated using the engineering geology method. The stabilities of both the entire and local slopes (main tower upper and lower slopes) of both side of the riverbanks were evaluated and analyzed under both initial conditions and constructed conditions. The following conclusions can be obtained: 1) Based on the qualitative evaluation of the site conditions, it is concluded that the global stability of the Dalicheng riverbanks could be warranted and the local collapses and instabilities could be occurred. 2) under the natural conditions, the global stability of both riverbanks was satisfactory and the shallow slides that could not meet the engineering requirements and need to be improved. 3) under the constructed conditions the upper slope at the main tower had surficial stability concern and the lower slope was stable globally and locally. 4) for the excavated slope after changing the topography, it was suggested that the riverbank slope could be stabilized using ground anchors with 3 m (vertically)×3 m (horizontally) pattern with the anchor length of 30 m and no less than 15 rows. It is important the ground anchor grouted length should be imbedded into the strong weathered bedrock with no less than 10 meters deep. Based on the above evaluations, it is also concluded that the selection of the bridge site was appropriate and the minor stability concerns could be mitigated throughout the engineering stabilization methods.
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    Dynamic Slope Stability Analysis of Gravity Anchorage Block under Seismic Loading Conditions
    DUAN Xianhua, XU Anhang, LUO Guocheng, ZHANG Zhenping, FU Xiaodong
    2020, 34 (2):  185-189. 
    Abstract ( 456 )   Save
    Stability evaluation of high and steep slopes, which are created by the gravity anchorage block foundation excavation,is one of key problems in the safe construction of the bridge and the safe operations of the bridge after construction. This paper presents a case history of the slope stability evaluation on the slope at the gravity anchorage block of Taoyuan Jinshajiang River Crossing Bridge of DaYong Expressway project in Yunnan Province. The slope stability evaluations were performed using finite element method, limit equilibrium method and Newmark analysis method with the sitespecific soil and rock parameters from the geotechnical borings and site reconnaissance results and under design seismic conditions. The results indicate that, the potential sliding plane gradually moves from the back area to the front area. Under the seismic loading conditions, the permanent deformations can be divided into three zones: linear increase zone, acceleration zone and deformation failure zone. The slopes of anchorage blocks are unstable under the earthquake intensities Ⅷ & Ⅸ. The slopes stabilized with prestressed rock anchors can improve the seismic behavior of these slopes.
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    Influence of Clay Contents on Soil Strength Property under Different Degrees of Saturation
    CHI Qiuhui, DONG Jinyu
    2020, 34 (2):  190-193. 
    Abstract ( 579 )   Save
    In this paper, direct shear tests were performed to study the influence of various degrees of saturation and clay contents on the shear strength of soil samples collected from a wind farm in Shandong Province. The test results showed that the shear stress-shear displacement relationship under the condition of a low degree of saturation was strain softening, and the strain hardening under a high degree of saturation. In addition to this, the plasticity of the cohesive soil sample increases with the increase in clay contents. With the increase in the degree of saturation, the cohesive forces among soil particles decrease which results in the decrease in shear strength of silty soil samples. Further, with the increase in clay contents, the shear strength of silty soil samples at first increases and then decreases, which is affected by the angle of internal friction. Overall, the clay content is an important factor that controls the effect of degree of saturation on the shear strength of finegrained soils.
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    Discrete Element Analysis of Penetration and Expansion During Flat Dilatometer Testing#br#
    REN Jianxing
    2020, 34 (2):  194-199. 
    Abstract ( 397 )   Save
    In this paper, the penetration and expansion phases of the Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT) in sands is numerically simulated by using the discrete element method. Sandy soils with zero water content were simulated with randomly generated circular particles with grain sizes within a predefined range. The stress and strain processes of the DMT penetrating from the top to the bottom of the model were determined and plotted. The lateral stress and soil density effect on the soil stress and strain were studied respectively. The results show that: 1) the penetration and expansion process of DMT change the natural stress state and the local deformation of the soil, further affecting the mechanical behavior of the soil; 2) the penetration of DMT and the expansion of membrane will affect the vertical stress and strain of the soil, but the expansion of membrane mainly affects the horizontal stress of soil; 3) During the penetration phase of DMT, the stress change of dense soil is more obvious, while the deformation of loose soil is larger; 4) Higher lateral stress can reduce stress interference and produce slight deformation.
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    Effect of Vegetation on the Stability of Highway Slopes
    GAO Wenjun, YANG Cunjin
    2020, 34 (2):  200-203. 
    Abstract ( 334 )   Save
    The highway slope protection has always been an important part of engineering construction practice. Traditional slope protection methods such as retaining wall, anchoring and shotcrete have induced many negative impacts on the ecological environment. The application of vegetation ecological slope protection not only achieves slope protection but also effectively protects the environment. With the harmonious development of the ecological environment and the human civilization, the application of the vegetation slope protection technology in the highway slope protection engineering will be more and more popular. However, the mechanical properties of vegetation roots and soil interactions are complex. The effect and stability of the slope protection needs further study. Therefore, this paper starts with the basic theories and analysis methods of the vegetation slope protection. The stability of the vegetation slope protection in the construction of highway slope project in Qinghai is analyzed with an aim pf providing reference for the safety and stability of similar engineering slopes.
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    Variation of Strength Characteristics of Red Clay under Temperature Gradient
    DUO Huihui, HU Yanxiang, LI Yang, ZHU Houying, CHEN Guofang
    2020, 34 (2):  204-207. 
    Abstract ( 426 )   Save
    In this paper, the strength characteristics of the red clay under five temperature gradients ranging from 27 to 95 ℃ were studied by a strainstress controlled direct shear apparatus. The test results show that the temperature effect of the strength characteristic parameters is affected by the water content and the dry density, but the temperature sensitivity of the water content sample on the strength characteristic is obviously higher than that of drier density sample with less water content; when the temperature is lower than 65 ℃, the strength characteristic and temperature increase positively; Within the range from 50 to 65 ℃, the φ decreases with the increase of temperature, showing a state of thermal softening of the red clay; when the temperature is higher than 65 ℃, the shear strength increases in proportion to temperature, showing a state of shear hardening. Therefore, the critical temperature of thermal hardening and softening of the red clay is 65 ℃. The critical temperature of thermal hardening and softening of red clay is 65 ℃, which is valuable for the studying of the temperature effect on the strength characteristics of the insitu red clay.
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    Numerical Simulation of the Construction of a Double Sheet Pile Wall Cofferdam
    DAI Liangjun, ZHU Jinlong, CUI Linzhao, ZHU Dayong, YAO Huayan
    2020, 34 (2):  208-211. 
    Abstract ( 362 )   Save
    The deep-water foundations are required in various large bridge construction projects. As an efficient temporary cofferdam structure for the deep-water foundation construction, the double sheet pile wall cofferdam has received wide applications. This paper presents a case history for the numerical simulation of a cofferdam under different working conditions, water tables and water velocities by using a three-dimensional finite element software. The following conclusions can be obtained: The deformation and stress in the cofferdam after the dewatering are much greater than it was fully inserted in the mudline, but the cofferdam strength meets code requirements. At the beginning of the dewatering, the maximum deformation concentrates at the middle portion of the cofferdam. The location of the maximum deflection gradually moves downward with the increase of dewatering.
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    Friction Force Prediction and Application in Ribbed Column-Ground Anchor System
    YANG Chaofa
    2020, 34 (2):  212-214. 
    Abstract ( 417 )   Save
    The ribbed column – ground anchor system has been widely used in the slope stability design and construction over the years. In the engineering practice, the focus on this system is at the lateral pressure in the ribbed column and the force in the ground anchors. In general, the approach method has the advantage of accurate in the stress prediction and clear in the principle. In spite of these advantages, engineering hazards such as excessive deformations and even failures in the system were also occurred and the significant economic loss was therefore induced. Throughout the evaluation, it is concluded that in the ribbed columnground anchor system, in addition to the lateral pressure in the ribbed column and the lockoff force, the magnitude of the selfweight of the ribbed column and the magnitude of the frictional force at the slope are also contribute in the stability of the slope. Both factors are directly affecting the stability of the ribbed column and therefore affecting the stability. Practical suggestions in the design and analysis of the friction force between ribbed column and the slope are also proposed in the paper.
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    Research on the Influence of Anchor Plate Shape on Ultimate Uplift Force Based on Discrete Element Method
    ZHAO Sicong
    2020, 34 (2):  215-218. 
    Abstract ( 401 )   Save
    Most of the existing calculation methods for the ultimate pullout capacity of the plate anchor only consider the conventional shape of the anchor plates. Based on the previous research work in this topic and combined with the discrete element analysis method, this paper performs extensive studies on the influence of the shape of the anchor plate on the ultimate pullout capacities. Further, by using the method of function fitting, a simplified method of estimating the ultimate bearing capacity of the circular anchor plate was proposed. This formula can consider the shape effect and has the advantage of convenient for engineering application. The results show that the bearing capacity of the anchor plate is higher when it is designed as a long and narrow shape with the same area. The proposed simplified estimation formula can be applied in the preliminary engineering design.
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    Estimation of Design Parameters for the Metro Deep Excavation by Dilatometer
    SUN Ganming
    2020, 34 (2):  219-222. 
    Abstract ( 301 )   Save
    There are many geotechnical physical and mechanical parameters involved in the design and construction of a subway deep excavation support structures. These parameters include shear strength, lateral earth pressure coefficient and horizontal coefficient of subgrade reaction modulus, etc. Many methods insitu and laboratory testing methods available estimate these parameters in geotechnical engineering practice. Due its simplicity and matured in principles as well as easily operated, the flat dilatometer has its own advantages in the geotechnical investigations for the metro deep excavation supporting design. By comparing the parameters obtained by the flat dilatation test with the experimental data of a large number of projects in Wuhan, the studies show that the two series of parameters are in good agreement with each other.
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    Application of BOTDA in Pile Displacement Measurement
    ZHANG Tao, DU Hong, LUO Yong, JIA Sen
    2020, 34 (2):  223-227. 
    Abstract ( 333 )   Save
    Monitoring the performance of the piled foundations under various loading conditions is generally difficult due to the pile embedment into the ground and usually under the groundwater environment. The paper presents the first application of Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) in the monitoring of the pile displacement performance. Throughout the process of the measured strain along the pile and the boundary condition assumptions, the pile displacement could be obtained from the mathematical model and solutions. The results indicate that, it is feasible to apply the BODTA method in the pile displacement survey. The established mathematical model is appropriate for the deformation interpretation. Further, the strain monitoring using fiber optics is continuous in the time domain and the selected distance increments in the monitoring can meet the mathematical model requirement.
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    A Study on the Free Stationing Method for the Monitoring of Horizontal Displacement in Building Excavation
    HONG Jindong, LIJian, LI Chaoxiong, WANG Yaohui
    2020, 34 (2):  228-231. 
    Abstract ( 632 )   Save
    The free stationing total station survey method is usually used in the monitoring of horizontal displacement in a deep excavation. An improved free stationing method is proposed in this paper. This improved method can effectively resolve the problem of setting a stable station or stable reference point using the conventional free total station method. In addition, this method can be operated without measuring the distance between the station and the reference point. Therefore, the method can be easily operated and all the target points along the same side of the excavation can be monitored in just one stationing setup. The theoretical analysis and survey error estimation along with the experimental results demonstrate that proposed method is effective and reliable for the deep excavation deformation monitoring.
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    Experimental Studies on the Structural Coastal Soft Soils
    WANG Daojin, BI Qingtao, ZHANG Xiang, MENG Ying, HOU Rui
    2020, 34 (2):  232-235. 
    Abstract ( 437 )   Save
    The soil in the offshore area of the Bohai Sea is silty soft clay with a high moisture content and low bearing capacity. The sensitivity of soil is high, and disturbances in the construction will affect the soil strength. Coastal soft soils generally demonstrate strong structural properties. In order to explore the intrinsic relationship between the prominent structural properties of the coastal soft soil and the basic physical properties, and to understand the formation mechanism of the structural properties of soft soil, the structural properties of the coastal soft soil in the Bohai Sea estuary were studied throughout experiments that combined with relevant data and references. In this paper, the numerical distribution of the soil sensitivity in the offshore area of the Bohai Sea was evaluated by the unconfined compressive strength tests, and the effects of plasticity index and initial void ratio on the structural properties of soils are analyzed. The results show that the structure of soft soils has a good linear fitting relationship with the plasticity index and the initial void ratio.
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    Long-term Monitoring and Analysis of the Hangzhou Metro Under Operation
    WU Canxin, MOU Dapeng
    2020, 34 (2):  236-240. 
    Abstract ( 708 )   Save
    The subsurface conditions in Hangzhou area are complicated and might vary significantly. In order to provide reference data for the future tunnel design and operation after the construction, this paper presents the five (5) years longterm monitoring results of the Hangzhou Metro tunnels under operation. The results indicated that, large ground disturbance and large consolidation settlement on the foundation bearing soils could be observed in the mucky clay soils and the communication pass was constructed by using soil freezing method due to the poor permeability and long consolidation period under the foundation loading. The Ushaped trench is a special transition zone between the underground structure and the surface structure. Buoyancy is different at different locations. To avoid large differential settlement after the construction and during the tunnel operation, appropriate ground improvement measures are necessary. The appropriate tunnel embedment depth can avoid the influence of Qiangtang River, which is famous for the “scouring during the flood period and sediment during the tidal period”. Otherwise, a shallow buried tunnel is easily affected by the adjacent environment and large settlement could be induced. When the tunnel structure is within the soft clay zone, the ground improvement within different patterns are necessary and the simple supporting structures are also necessary.
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    3D Numerical Simulation and Field Monitoring of the Excavation of a Large-Size Flat Tunnel
    ZHAO Yalong
    2020, 34 (2):  241-246. 
    Abstract ( 424 )   Save
    The tunnel section in the emergency stopping zone in a threelane Qingfeng Tunnel of KummingChuxiong Expressway has large size and a flat oblong cross section. Both advantages and disadvantages of two different tunnel excavation sequences, ThreeBench Method and Temporary CentralWall Method, were evaluated and the threebench excavation method was selected for the tunnel excavation. The entire process of the constructionsequence was numerically simulated, and the selected construction sequence was feasible and safe. The analytical results, such as, deformation in the tunnel, stress in the supporting structures and the plastic zones in the rock mass, were compared with the construction monitoring results. The results indicated that the stress in both the rock mass and steel arch supporting structures were small and the construction sequence was safe.
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    Experimental Study on the Consolidation Characteristics of Two Dredged Ultra-Soft Soils
    HU Ting
    2020, 34 (2):  247-250. 
    Abstract ( 350 )   Save
    The dredged soil has the engineering properties of high moisture content, high compressibility, low shear strength and low permeability. With a nonlinear characteristic, the consolidation process of the dredged soil is different from the conventional soft soils. This paper presents the results of consolidation tests on two types of dredged ultra-soft samples. The following conclusions can be obtained: 1) Under the first loading increment, the highest compression (highest compression coefficient) was observed in both types of samples.  Lower compression coefficient was found in higher consolidation load. A linear relationship between the void ration and the logarithmic consolidation pressure. 2) The coefficient of consolidation in both types of soil samples increased and the coefficient of permeability decreased with the increase of the consolidation pressure. 3) nonlinear relationship can be found between the logarithmic coefficient of permeability and the void ratio and this relationship (log kve) could be established by using a nonlinear curve fitting.
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    Tunnel Geological Condition Forecast from the Blasting Borehole Drilling Information
    CAI Liping
    2020, 34 (2):  251-253. 
    Abstract ( 389 )   Save
    This paper presents a case history of using the blasting borehole drilling information to predict the geological conditions in rock mass with various rock qualities. This inhouse developed system records the penetration rate of the blasting borehole drilling in the tunnel excavation. The results indicate that the borehole drilling penetration rate is closely associated with the rock mass quality class and the higher rate relates to the poorer rock mass quality. Therefore, the borehole drilling penetration rate can be used as an index for determining the rock mass quality. The results also show that the change in the penetration rate might be related to the fissures in the rock mass. Higher penetration rate relates to the well-developed joints and fissures in the rock mass.
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    Application of Crosshole Seismic Wave Computed Tomography in the Offshore Karst Terrain Investigations
    XIONG Feng
    2020, 34 (2):  254-257. 
    Abstract ( 512 )   Save
    The geological and geotechnical investigations in the proposed tunnel in offshore terrain are very challenge and the construction risk is extremely high. It is therefore critical to accurately characterize the karstic rock. The crosshole seismic wave computed tomography method has the advantages of simple operate, high resolution and high accuracy and receives wide applications in the karst terrain investigations. However, its application in the offshore karstic terrain investigation has not reported. This paper presents a case history of geotechnical investigation of offshore karstic terrain investigation for the proposed cross sea tunnel. The principles, basic operation and applications of the crosshole seismic wave computed tomography method are introduced and the investigation results are satisfactory.
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    Application of Downhole Magnetic Gradient Method in Locating of Deeply Burred Metal Pipelines
    HAN Li, CHENG Lin
    2020, 34 (2):  258-260. 
    Abstract ( 463 )   Save
    In recent years, with the rapid development of city construction, pipelines have frequently been newly installed, relocated, and expanded. In general, embedment depth of the underground pipelines is usually relatively shallow, so the conventional methods can usually accurately locate them. However, locating the deeply buried metal pipes is a challenge since these deeply buried metal pipelines are often installed using the trenchless technologies such as microtunneling with large embedment depth up to 20 meters below the ground surface. Frequently, the embedment depth and orientation of the trenchless installed pipelines could not always accurately controlled. Therefore, the conventional geophysical shallow buried pipeline locating methods could not be effectively and accurately used in the deeply buried metal pipelines for their horizontal and vertical locations. Based on the comparison of several pipeline location methods, the downhole magnetic gradient method plus the corrosion detection apparatus was used in the locating of deeply buried metal pipes. The results were satisfactory.

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    Monitoring and Analysis of Horizontal Displacement of a Single-Rowed Steel Sheet Pile Cofferdam
    QIAN Jichun, ZHANG Jing
    2020, 34 (2):  261-264. 
    Abstract ( 809 )   Save
    The cofferdam of some inland in water construction projects adopts the concept of singlerowed steel sheet pile system, which has the advantages of simple installation, low investment, and scour resistant, but they are rarely used in actual projects. The calculation and analysis of the single rowed steel sheet pile system show that the key to practical application is to effectively control the cofferdam deformation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the deformation during the dewater by installation of horizontal displacement monitoring points on the cofferdam. The analysis of the monitoring data shows that during the dewater period, the horizontal displacement of the singlerowed steel sheet pile cofferdam is significantly affected by water level changes. As the deformation increases, the cofferdam leaking is occurred. The cofferdam strengthening measures such as backfills and lower the water level should be applied so that the stability of the cofferdam can be warranted.
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