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28 February 2026, Volume 40 Issue 1 Previous Issue   

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Analysis and Mitigation of Highway Hazards in Half Cut and Half Fill Subgrades SUN Futian, WANG Bin, CHEN Weitao, ZHU Jiebing, ZHONG Lou, ZHANG Bing 2026, 40 (1):  1-06.  Abstract ( 24 )   Save Construction induced hazards, such as, cracks on the highway pavements and retaining walls and structure misalignment have frequently occurred in the half cut and half fill highway subgrades. This paper presents some case histories in the construction of half cut and half fill highway subgrades in E’Xi mountain area. Throughout the evaluation and analysis of site investigation data in the design phase as well as construction surveying and monitoring data, the factors that attribute to the construction induced hazards are presented. The results indicate that these hazards are the results of the deep-seated slides underneath the highway embankment. This composite soil and rock sliding plane consists of original fill embankment, backfill soil at the toe of the slope and in the karst rock cavity, and the daylighting rock slope. The evaluation and the mitigation of the highway embankment construction induced hazards provide the useful case histories for the similar design and construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Study on the Influence of Soil in Front of Anti-Slide Pile on Its Performance CHEN Xiaowei, YANG Huihong, LIU Ting 2026, 40 (1):  7-11.  Abstract ( 23 )   Save As a common retaining structure, anti-slide caisson has been widely used in landslide geological hazard mitigation projects. However, because the influence of the soil in front of the caisson on the resisting characteristics of the anti-slide caisson is not thoroughly investigated. It is usually regarded as a safety reserve in engineering design, and its presence is often ignored, so it has an impact on the optimal design of anti-slide caisson supporting structure. To study the influence of soil in front of caisson, comparative analyses of numerical simulation and field measured results in a landslide treatment project in Zhuzhou, Hunan Province have been conducted for verifying the reliability of the numerical model. Moreover, study on the influence of caissons with different slope angels on the resistance characteristics of anti-slide caissons has also been conducted. The results show that when considering the influence of the soil in front of the caisson, the maximum horizontal displacement of the anti-slide caisson is reduced by 18.5%, the maximum bending moment in the caisson is reduced by 7.0%, and the maximum shear force is reduced by 21.3%. In addition, when the slope angel is greater than 1∶1, the resistance of the soil in front of the caisson has little influence on the resistance characteristics of the slide caisson, and the existing design methods are more reasonable, but when the slope angel is less than 1:1, the soil in front of the caisson has obvious influence on the anti-slide performance of the slide caisson. Therefore, the soil in front of the caisson can be simplified as an equal thickness soil layer, and the thickness reduction coefficient is 0.25~0.70 according to the different slope angel. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and Mechanism of Alkali-Activated Slag for Solidification of Dredges Sludges CAO Kuankuan 2026, 40 (1):  12-17.  Abstract ( 20 )   Save A large amount of dredged sludge is generated in the process of many large-scale dredging projects in China, so how to dispose of dredged sludges with high water content, low bearing capacity and strong contamination have always been a practical engineering problem that needs to be solved. In this paper, the activated MgO-GGBS is used to solidify the sludge, and the mechanical properties of the solidified sludges are evaluated through the unconfined compression test; and combined with XRD, SEM and other microscopic tests, the changes of the mineral composition and microscopic morphology of solidified sludges are analyzed to reveal the solidification mechanism of the activated MgO-GGBS solidified sludges. The results showed that: the strength of the activated MgO-GGBS solidified soil increased significantly with the increase in the content of activated MgO, GGBS, and the growth of the age of maintenance, in which the content of alkaline exciters has a great influence on the strength of the solidified sludge, and the deformation modulus of the solidified sludge, E50, and the compressive strength of the solidified sludge showed a linear relationship between the alkaline additive content and the deformation modulus of the solidified sludge, E50, as well as the relationship between the compressive strength of the solidified sludge and the pH of sludge with the increase of the activated MgO additives. The more alkaline components consumed by the reaction as the growth of the maintenance time, and then the lower the PH; a large number of needle-rock-like crystals and the gelatinization product generation are the major reasons for the significant increase in the physico-mechanical properties of the solidified sludge with the activation of MgO-GGBS. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deformation Characteristics of Asymmetrical Support System of Two Waterfront Adjacent Deep Excavation Supporting Projects SONG Zishou, GAO Fang, SHAO Wei 2026, 40 (1):  18-23.  Abstract ( 17 )   Save Based on the geological conditions of soft soils in Shanghai, a finite element analysis model is established to numerically simulate the excavations of two adjacent to waterfront considering two asymmetric support system, as well as to compare and study the deformation characteristic of the supporting structure and its controlling effect on the waterfront adjacent excavation under different support options. The results show that: the influence of the two support options on the stress and deformation of the excavations shows a similar trend of change in the process of layer-by-layer excavation. There is a more obvious difference in the deformation, in which the second support system can reduce the deformation of the excavation supporting system to a greater extent. The control effect on the earth pressure, the surface settlement and the lateral displacement of the supporting structure is more significant. The maximum horizontal displacement of the two sides of the excavation support is greatly affected by the width-to-depth ratio. The deformation amplitude is obvious, but when the width-to-depth ratio exceeds the critical value, its change has very little effect. This study indicate that the design of different support system programs for adjacent excavation near water can effectively control the unbalanced deformation of the excavation and provide reference value for the construction of similar projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Simulation of Dewatering in a Deep Excavation of a Subway Station in Suzhou GE Yiru, WANG Hao, YUAN Zirui 2026, 40 (1):  24-27.  Abstract ( 11 )   Save Based on the Yinzhong Road South Station project of Suzhou Transit Rail Line No. 7, the Midas GTS NX software was used to simulate the dewatering process of a deep excavation. Combined with the construction monitoring data, the influence of seepage on the deep excavation and its surrounding environment was analyzed. The results show that the horizontal displacement of the deep wall and the surface settlement outside the excavation are close to the measured values. The influence zone of surface settlement outside the excavation is large. The surface settlement outside the excavated area is distributed in a spoon-shaped curve, and its variation amplitude increases with the increase of excavation depth. The effect of seepage on the pore water pressure in permeable layer is significant. The seepage also has great influence on excavation supporting structure and surrounding environment. In the design and construction phase, the influence of seepage should be considered. The numerical simulation results considering seepage can provide reference for the design and optimization of excavation support and dewatering. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability Analysis of a Hazardous Rock Mass at a Tunnel Entrance WANG Chao 2026, 40 (1):  28-31.  Abstract ( 15 )   Save This paper presents a case history of a tunnel project. Throughout the field survey, highdefinition remote sensing and UAV aerial survey, etc., the topography, geological structure, rock properties, hydrogeological conditions of a tunnel entrance area were thoroughly investigated. The structural characteristics and deformation failure patterns of hazardous rock masses were analyzed by using the stereographic projection. Quantitative evaluation and three-dimensional simulations of the unstable rockfall trajectories and energy were performed after the qualitative analysis. which can provide a reference for similar engineering designs. The results show that the slopes in the area are high and steep, with well-developed structural planes, which provide conditions for the development of hazardous rock masses. The rock strata are cut by structural planes nearly parallel to the slope surface, resulting in poor rock mass integrity. There are steeply dipping structural planes at the rear edge of the rock mass, which, under the joint action of joints and bedding planes. The potential instability type of hazardous rock mass and boulder in the area is mainly toppling type. The hazardous rock mass in the area is generally stable under rainstorm and earthquake conditions; The three-dimensional simulation shows that the rockfall basically rolls along the groove on the slope surface, with the maximum trajectory bounce height of three meters and the maximum movement speed of 19.7m/s. The rockfall frequency at the tunnel entrance is medium, the rockfall bounce height is low (mainly sliding or rolling close to the ground), and the rockfall energy level is low to medium, with high risk, so protection needs to be strengthened. The research results can provide reference for similar engineering analysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of Cement Soil Mixed Column of an Urban Rail Transit in Soft Soils WANG Jialei, ZHANG Bolu, CAI Xiao, LI Qinqin, ZOU Gaoge 2026, 40 (1):  32-35.  Abstract ( 20 )   Save In order to study the safety impact of cement mixed soil column construction on the adjacent urban rail transit structure in soft soils of Suzhou Metro Lines No. 1 to No. 8 and Line No. 11, a threedimensional finite element numerical model was established to study the impact of cement mixed soil columns on the track structure in different strata. The different proximity distances to the rail transit structure, and different reinforcement ranges across the rail transit structure are also investigated throughout the numerical analysis. The results show that the silty clay layer is scattered in the main urban area of Suzhou but widely distributed and relatively thick in Kunshan. The thicker the silty clay layer, the greater the disturbance of the cement mixed soil columns to the surrounding soil and track structure. The closer the distance between the cement mixed soil columns and the rail transit structure, the greater the deformation of the track structure. When the distance is less than 5m, the mutual influence effect increases significantly. When the cement mixed soil columns are used to improve the foundation soils underneath the rail transit structure, the deformation of the track structure increases by 4.8% for every 1m increase in the reinforcement range. Related Articles | Metrics

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Response and Control Evaluation of Underlying Tunnels Subjected to Adjacent Deep Excavation GUO Qing, DONG Wenqian, LIN Gang 2026, 40 (1):  36-42.  Abstract ( 13 )   Save During the deep excavation, the stress state of the surrounding soil is changed, causing displacement and structural deformation in the underlying shield tunnels, which might compromise their operational safety. Through a case study of a deep excavation in Hangzhou, the spatiotemporal effects during excavation is considered and the excavation adopted the zoning and block excavation principle of “large excavated area, small excavation.” The excavated bottom slab was surcharged, and this method is the effective technical measures to control deformation in the underlying tunnels, which can effectively achieve the goal of safety control in adjacent construction. Additionally, the finite element numerical model can simulate the actual construction conditions throughout the entire process. The results reveal the necessity of finite element analysis and the rationality of the computational model, providing valuable references for the optimized design and construction of similar projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Simulation on Environmental Variation of Large-Diameter Urban Water Supply Pipelines ZHANG Wei, DA Yuewu, GAO Guangyin, HU Kan, ZHANG Xiaolei, CHEN Hang, HU Shuyuan 2026, 40 (1):  43-46.  Abstract ( 14 )   Save With the continuous development of urbanization in China, the surrounding service environment of water supply pipelines in some cities has undergone significant changes compared to the initial design, mainly including new loads such as new buildings and roads, and weakened lateral constraints near construction sites. Therefore, this article presents the case history of a large diameter water supply pipeline project in Jiangsu. The ABAQUS software is used to conduct a numerical simulation investigation on the stress deformation of pipelines under the influence of pile loading and deep excavation. The changes in pipeline stress, horizontal displacement, and vertical displacement under different on-site conditions are investigated. The numerical analysis results are compared with the current specifications to determine the safety range. The simulation results show that when the embedment depth of a pipeline is at the depth equivalent to the pipe diameter, and the surface load is 150 kPa, the pipeline stress exceeds the safety value required by the specification. When soil is excavated to 10m, the maximum vertical deformation value of the pipeline is 3.75 mm, which meets the allowable deformation value of 5mm in the specification. Related Articles | Metrics

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Internal Force Analysis of Pile-Supported Retaining Wall WANG Junyi, WU Dazhi, CHEN Keyu, YU Wenjie 2026, 40 (1):  47-51.  Abstract ( 10 )   Save The mechanical behavior of the pile foundation under retaining wall is complicated due to the influence by multi-layer of soils. Previous studies have not considered the effects of soil layers on the internal force and displacement of laterally loaded piles. Therefore, the bottom of the pile under the cap requires to enter the rock together with the characteristics of the poor upper soils and strong lower strata. The soil underneath the pile cap could be divided into “soft” soil stratum, “hard” soil layer, and bedrock. Considering the influence of the force transmitted by the superstructure on the pile shaft, the pile can be simulated as an elastic beam placed vertically in the soil. The corresponding differential equation is established for different soil layers and different locations. The continuity and boundary conditions are analyzed to estimate the deflection, rotation angle, shear force, and bending moment of different soil layers. The condition degradation is performed to verify the scientific nature of the analysis. Combining engineering examples to verify the scientific nature of the numerical results, it has been proven that the pile shaft with the maximum force below the soil layer boundary. The conclusions obtained can provide reference for the design of pile supported foundation support beams and retaining walls. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deformation and Safety Analysis of the Deep Zero-Distance Interchange Tunnel LIAO Dagang, XU Wenjie, ZHANG Xiangxiang 2026, 40 (1):  52-59.  Abstract ( 12 )   Save This paper presents a case history of an actual operating of a zero-distance interchange tunnel. The numerical method is adopted to carry out simulation of the entire cross integrated tunnel construction process at different span distances to explore the deformation characteristics of the zero-distance interchange tunnel. The results show that: (1) Span length changes have a significant impact on the deformation of the surrounding rock mass. The deformation process of the mid-rock mass in the three-dimensional cross-area is presented a three stage changes: a sharp increase-reduced displacement-gradual stable; (2) The span length reduction of the first level transfer of the opposing body’s cross area has a significant effect, and the final stage displacement and changes in different parts of different parts are large. (3) The deformation of the tunnel’s left opening and the bottom of the oblique shaft is the most sensitive to changes to the discount coefficient. The zero distance interchange tunnel has sufficient safety backups, and the surrounding rock mass and the initial support are within the allowable range. Related Articles | Metrics

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Joint Bearing Characteristics of Notched Sill Gravity Anchorage and Rock Foundation System ZHOU Yang, YANG Fan, WANG Chengtang 2026, 40 (1):  60-64.  Abstract ( 13 )   Save This paper presents a case history of gravity anchorage for a special bridge in Guizhou Province. To study the joint bearing characteristics of a notched sill gravity anchorage and rock foundation, model tests and numerical simulations of two different options including a 1/4 depth and a 1/2 depth of notched sill gravity anchorage were conducted. The displacement, stress distribution, and failure evolution characteristics at the interface between the anchorage and the foundation under different cable forces were also analyzed. The synergistic action mechanism of anchorage and foundation, bearing capacity transmission and distribution were obtained. The results show that: 1) during the step-by-step loading process, the horizontal displacement curve of the anchor exhibits an evolution pattern of “gentle linearity, nonlinear bending and sharp growth”;  2) The overturning of the anchorage leads to the continuous transfer of contact force between the anchor and the foundation to the forward notched sill, resulting in a significant decrease in contact stress at the base and limited friction. The shear resistance is mainly provided by the normal stress of the notched sill and the rock mass in front (depending on the depth of the anchor); 3) Under the ultimate bearing state, the notched sill bears almost all the vertical loads. The horizontal load sharing ratios of the foundation and notched sill of first scheme are 79% and 21%, while the horizontal load sharing ratios of the base, notched sill, and front rock mass of second scheme are 25%, 15%, and 60%. As the burial depth of the anchorage increases, its horizontal bearing capacity shifts from being dominated by foundation friction to being dominated by rock mass shear resistance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Soil Arch Effect and its Failure Mechanism of Cohesive Soil between Sparse Spaced Piles LI Dan, TANG Haiqiang, 2026, 40 (1):  65-71.  Abstract ( 16 )   Save Through a self-made model test box, the soil arch effect and its failure mechanism among the piles of the rowed pile retaining wall in deep excavation support are studied. The experiment is calibrated and verified through the finite element simulation. Based on the assumption of a reasonable arch axis, an analytical model for the soil arch force among piles of the rowed pile retaining wall is established. The results indicate that when the soil arches among piles of the rowed pile retaining wall is damaged, cracks first appear at the bottom of the arch. As the horizontal soil pressure increases, the cracks gradually expand to the top of the arch and connect with the other half of the arch cracks. Finally, the soil among the piles in the direction of the excavation completely separates from the soil in the arch zone. As the spacing among piles increases, the maximum load that the soil arch can withstand decreases. On the premise of being able to form soil arches, the larger the pile spacing, the greater the height of the arrow when the soil arches fail. As the load increases, the height of the soil arch gradually decreases. Under the same load, the larger the pile spacing, the greater the degree of stress deflection of the soil. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Rheological Failure Mechanism of Highway Mudstone Slope under Hydraulic Coupling Environment XING Wenbo 2026, 40 (1):  72-74.  Abstract ( 18 )   Save Mudstone, as the underlying bedrock layer of a slope, is often affected by changes in boundary conditions caused by water environment and excavation unloading, which often leads to instability and failure of the upper rock mass. An existing municipal highway slope treatment project in Guangxi is presented in this paper as the case history. Evaluation methods such as engineering geological investigation, laboratory rock testing, and slope deformation monitoring are performed to comprehensively analyze the failure mechanism of the highway slope in a hydraulic coupling environment. Research has shown that the mudstone rock layer on the slope undergoes significant creep deformation due to the saturation caused by waterlogging, as well as the release of boundary constraints and changes in upper loads. The accumulation of deformation reaches the failure threshold, leading to rock subsidence and ultimately causing tensile or shear failure of the upper rock layer. Based on this failure mechanism, the effective treatment was carried out on the slope in a controlled manner, thereby validating the mechanism analysis in this study, and having analogical and reference significance for similar projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Loess Slope Stability Under Rainfall Conditions Based on Mutation Theory ZHOU Zhengshan, ZHANG Yanhong, ZHANG Binwei, 2026, 40 (1):  75-80.  Abstract ( 12 )   Save This paper presents an in-depth analysis and research on the stability characteristics of loess slopes under rainfall conditions. A stability analysis and evaluation system for loess slopes under rainfall conditions by using the mutation theory was established, and the stability of loess slopes under rainfall conditions was analyzed and evaluated. The orthogonal principle was applied to optimize and analyze the range of factors that affect the stability of loess slopes under rainfall conditions, including rainfall intensity, cohesion, internal friction angle, bulk density, slope angle, and slope height, in order to determine the degree of influence of each factor on the stability of loess slopes under rainfall conditions. The results show that rainfall intensity plays a major role in the stability analysis of loess slopes under rainfall conditions, but the inherent characteristics of loess slopes (such as internal friction angle, slope height, cohesion, etc.) have a greater impact on the stability of loess slopes under rainfall conditions; At the same time, this evaluation system avoids the limitations of a single numerical analysis method based on the Morgenstern Price method for analyzing the stability of loess slopes. It can comprehensively analyze and evaluate the comprehensive impact of various factors on the stability of loess slopes under rainfall conditions, in order to provide reference for the application of this system to analyze and evaluate the stability of loess slopes under complex conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Summary of Acrylic Grouting Material ZHOU Yong, SHI Wenhao, ZHU Xiaodan, ZHENG Jiashun 2026, 40 (1):  81-85.  Abstract ( 14 )   Save In recent years, as a rapidly developing grout and plug material, the acrylic acid grouting material has shown an excellent performance in the field of street, building and dam seepage sealing. This method has become one of the key materials to achieve effective plugging. In this paper, the state of the practice of acrylate grouting materials in domestic and abroad are evaluated, and their basic composition and performance characteristics are described in detail. The reaction mechanism of acrylate monomer and the mechanism of slurry seepage and leakage prevention are especially discussed. The paper also analyzes the current problems in the study of acrylate grouting materials. The preview of its future development, which provides a reference for the further development of this material in the field of basement leakage control, is provided. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability Evaluation of Highway Tunnels over Abandoned Mines HE Jun, LONG Chenxin, ZHANG Hang 2026, 40 (1):  86-90.  Abstract ( 14 )   Save The stability of spatial relationships of Chunchunzhai Tunnel over the abandoned mines in G3612 Pingdingshan to Yichang Expressway Yichang section is presented in this paper as a case history. A numerical model is established by using FLAC3D software to simulate the displacement, stress, and plastic zone changes of the tunnel roof at a distance of one to three times of the tunnel diameter from the abandoned mined area. The study showed that in the transverse direction, when the transverse distance between the tunnel and the abandoned mine is greater than two times the width of the abandoned mine shaft, the impact of the hollowed shaft on the tunnel is relatively small. Vertically, when the distance between the tunnel arch and the abandoned mine is not less than 24m (twice the tunnel diameter), there is no connection between the hollow shaft and the plastic failure zone of the tunnel. The impact of the abandoned mine area on the tunnel is relatively small; This indicates that the distance between Chunqiu Village Tunnel and the overlying abandoned mined area in the horizontal direction is less than twice the width of the shaft, and in the vertical direction is less than twice the diameter of the tunnel, which belongs to the area with greater impact from the abandoned mine area.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Formation Mechanism of “Upper Hard and Lower Soft” Type Mining Slope Collapse in a Mountainous Area LIU Yongzhi, ZHOU Lei 2026, 40 (1):  91-95.  Abstract ( 16 )   Save The slope of the phosphorite mine in Guizhou exhibits the characteristic of “upper hard and lower soft”. The complex geological environment and the influence of underground mining activities contribute to the widespread occurrence of slope collapse hazards in the mining area. Through engineering geological investigation and numerical simulation methods, this study explores the formation mechanism of slope collapse in the mountainous area with the “upper hard and lower soft” mining type. The results indicate that such collapses are controlled by the “upper hard and lower soft” slope structure and deep unloading fractures, with the unloading fractures determining the collapse boundaries. After the phosphorite layer is mined, the top plate firstly collapses to the mining hollow area, followed by a gradual compaction of the hollow area, deformation of the overlying rock, and then deformation and destruction of the mining slopes. The collapse involves stages of subsidence deformation, toppling and pulling apart at the slope’s peak, and overall slope failure, summarized by the mechanism: “upstream flow pulling apart – toppling”. Understanding the formation mechanism of such collapses is of guiding significance for the prevention and control of geological hazards. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of Surcharge Loads on the Deformation of Adjacent Piled Foundation Plant in Soft Soils#br# XIE Yuye, TANG Hong, LIU Xu 2026, 40 (1):  96-100.  Abstract ( 13 )   Save When industrial plants are constructed in soft soils and subjected to adjacent surcharge loads, the piled foundation of these plants will experience lateral loads, which leads to lateral displacements that can affect the deformation of the superstructures above. This study presents an engineering case history of the Baosteel Desheng lateritic nickel ore raw material plant. By combining theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field monitoring, the variation patterns of lateral deformation of pile foundations under different surcharge heights and different thicknesses of soft silt layers are analyzed. The impact of surcharge on soft soils on the deformation of adjacent plant piled foundations are investigated. The results show that as the surcharge height and soft silt layer thickness increase, the lateral displacement of the piled foundations gradually increases. Further, the point of maximum lateral displacement tends to shift downward, therefore, the pile foundations and columns of the plant experience in a more unfavorable condition. Based on these findings, improvement recommendations are proposed. The research results can provide theoretical basis and engineering references for the impact of similar surcharge loads on the deformation of piled foundations in soft soils. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Simulation and Parametric Study of Very Large Diameter Shielded Tunnels SU Ang, ZHANG Xinyuan, FU Chenyu, LONG Wei, ZHAO Chenyang 2026, 40 (1):  101-105.  Abstract ( 15 )   Save To solve the problem of segment uplift during the very-large diameter shielded tunnel excavation, a three-dimensional finite element model considering the time-varying characteristics of grout is established based on the Jiangyin-Jingjiang Yangtze River Tunnel project. The commercial finite element software ABAQUS (2016) was used, and the simulation results were compared with the monitoring data of the actual working conditions to calibrate and validate the model. Combining the simulation results, the effects of geological compressibility, grouting pressure magnitude, and grouting pressure duration on segment uplift were analyzed. The sensitivity analysis method was introduced to evaluate the sensitivity of each factor on the segment uplift. The results show that the enhancement of geological compressibility, the increase of grouting pressure, and the increase of grouting pressure duration will aggravate the phenomenon of segment uplift in shielded tunnel excavation. The sensitivity of each factor to segment uplift is in the order of geological compressibility, duration of grouting pressure, and grouting pressure magnitude. Engineering-oriented control measures are given from the perspective of practicality. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability Analysis and Mitigation of a Tailing Slope by Using GeoStudio YANG Qishan, LIU Hong 2026, 40 (1):  106-111.  Abstract ( 21 )   Save This paper presents a case history of analysis mitigation of a barite concentrator tailing pond slope in Yundong Town, Duyun City. The physical and mechanical parameters of each soil or rock stratum were obtained throughout the field sampling and laboratory tests. The seepage field analysis of the tailing pond was carried out by using Van Genuchten model of the Seep/W seepage analysis module. The geotechnical model of the unsaturated tailing pond was established, and the Morgenstern-Price method was used for evaluation. The results indicate that the target slope belongs to a marginally stable slope with a factor of safety of 1.151, and the factor of safety becomes smaller with the increase of rainfall days. For the unstable slope, from the actual site conditions, the buttress-type retaining wall was selected for the support. The stability analysis of the mitigated slope is also performed. The retaining wall is designed in consistent with the building code. The overturning and slip aspects of the retaining wall are checked and the resultant factor of safety also meets the requirements of the building code. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influencing Factors for Settlement of High-speed Railway Embankment Induced by Adjacent Surcharge Loads YU Qinqin 2026, 40 (1):  112-118.  Abstract ( 12 )   Save To identify the key controlling factors influencing the deflection of high-speed railway embankment under adjacent surcharge loads, a numerical simulation model was developed. Seven potential factors were considered for the investigation: namely, the compression modulus of the overlying stratum; the thickness of the overlying stratum (specifically in the reinforcement zone); the compression modulus of the underlying unreinforced stratum; the intensity of foundation soil treatment; as well as parameters related to surcharge load including its distance, width, and height. An analysis was conducted to delineate these influencing factors on the embankment deflections. The results indicate that for horizontal displacement of the track, the significance order of influencing factors is as follows: compression modulus of underlying stratum > distance from surcharge load > compression modulus of overlying stratum > thickness of overlying stratum > intensity of foundation soil treatment > height of surcharge load > width of surcharge load. For the vertical displacement, this order changes slightly but remains consistent with: compression modulus of underlying stratum > height of surcharge load > distance from surcharge load > width of surcharge load > thickness of overlying stratum > intensity of foundation soil treatment > compression modulus of overlying stratum. Notably, the significance order for the vertical displacement in the embankment closely mirrors that observed for the vertical displacement in tracks. When conducting the design of surcharge loading, it is essential to pay attention to controlling the spacing, height, and width of surcharge loading. Additionally, while selecting a reasonable soil treatment method and treatment depth. Attention should be given to the physical and mechanical properties of the soil in the project area. Related Articles | Metrics

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Low Strain Detection Method for Pile Integrity by Wavelet Analysis CHEN Longyang, WU Yuanping, YUAN Pengju, WANG Ziwu, WANG Kun 2026, 40 (1):  119-122.  Abstract ( 13 )   Save With the rapid development of the construction industry, highrise buildings and underground complex building structures continue to be erected. The number of pile foundations used in the construction of these projects is very large, and the construction quality of pile foundations is directly related to the safety and stability of above buildings. Therefore, to ensure the quality of these piles meeting the engineering requirements and design specifications has always been one of the most important topics in the construction industry. The piling is a hidden construction, so it is very complicated and difficult to detect the integrity because it cannot be directly inspected. The low strain detection method based on wavelet analysis for pile integrity testing is adopted in this paper. This is a method used to evaluate the deformation and strain of a pile under loading. This method has the advantages of non-destructive, high precision and real-time, and can effectively guide the design and construction of the pile installation. In this paper, the waveform characteristics of a pile with different defect types are compared with those obtained by finite element numerical evaluation. It is concluded that the numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the actual measured waveform characteristics. Therefore, the low strain detection method on piles by using wavelet analysis can provide an important reference for the piling industry. It can also improve the accuracy and reliability of the pile integrity test results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical and Mechanical Properties of Soft Soil Improved by EICP Method HUANG Danning, SONG Xianjie, CAO Zhoujie 2026, 40 (1):  123-128.  Abstract ( 15 )   Save To explore the influence of different factors on the physical and mechanical properties of soft soil improved by enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) method, curing time, adhesive liquid concentration and urease enzyme activity are established as test variables for comparative study. By measuring the physical and mechanical properties of soil samples under different test options, the influence of different factors on the effect of soft soil by EICP method is analyzed. The test results show that in the process of EICP, urease consumes water, produces calcium carbonate crystals and cemented with soil particles, which slightly increased the density, decreases the water content and increases the shear strength of the soft soil after EICP improvement. EICP method can effectively improve the physical and mechanical properties of soft soils. Different test variables have different effects on the improvement effect of soil, which can provide theoretical basis and test support for future projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deep Excavation Secondary Reinforcement Support Design and Monitoring CAI Wenhua, ZHONG Jiahuan 2026, 40 (1):  129-134.  Abstract ( 14 )   Save This paper presents a case history of a deep excavation secondary excavation supporting system design and monitoring in Haizhu District, Guangzhou City. The original excavation support structure design, adjacent environment, excavation depth, and subsurface conditions are introduced, and the secondary supporting system design options are also presented. The reinforcement design option adopted is as follows: high-pressure jet grout + cast-in-place reinforced concrete piles (already installed and accepted by the construction inspection) + prestressed ground anchors (secondary improvement installations). The correspondent excavation monitoring system are also designed and the excavation process as well as the adjacent structures are monitored. The results show that: 1) the horizontal displacement of the soldier pile top and the vertical cumulative horizontal displacement increase with the excavation depth, but within the  allowable range defined by the design and specification; 2) the surface settlement of the edge excavation is firstly increasing and then decreasing and finally tends to a stable state; 3) the soldier pile and ground anchor support secondary reinforcement program is more reasonable, and the results of the study can provide a reference for the subsequent design and construction similar projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Bedrock Integrity in Thick Overburden Soils Using Cross Hole Wave Velocity Test LIU Wenchao 2026, 40 (1):  135-139.  Abstract ( 19 )   Save In areas with thick overburden soils, due to the large depth of drilling, complex composition and particles of the bedrock, single hole wave velocity test method often cannot accurately determine the integrity of the bedrock. In situ testing methods such as cross hole wave velocity test method can be used to qualitatively or quantitatively evaluate and analyze the integrity of the bedrock, to provide accurate geological basis for preliminary design. This article presents the detailed geotechnical investigation of the Jiangxinzhou middle ventilation shaft in the second phase of Nanjing Metro Line No. 4. The process of bedrock exploration in the thick overburden area of the Yangtze River floodplain is introduced by using the cross hole wave velocity test method, which is excited by the middle borehole and received by both side of the boreholes. Boreholes are reasonably arranged at both ends of a deep excavation for complex bedrock strata. The longitudinal wave test is carried out using electric spark source to excite longitudinal waves. Based on comprehensive analysis of laboratory test results and geological boreholes data, the bedrock integrity coefficient was evaluated and obtained.  The integrity of the bedrock strata information is further refined. This information provides a reliable geological basis for optimizing the insertion depth of the diaphragm wall and controlling the total construction cost of the project. Related Articles | Metrics

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In-situ Direct Shear Test Data of Shear Zone Group Analysis a Guxian Hydro-Junction Dam YIN Jianhui, WANG Tianqi 2026, 40 (1):  140-143.  Abstract ( 14 )   Save In-situ Direct shear test of rock samples is one of the important methods to directly obtain the strength index of rock mass. In fact, similar character specimens are usually taken as a group, and linear regression analysis is carried out using graphics by using the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. So, how to group the specimens directly affects the strength index of the rock samples, which has a significant impact on engineering safety and investment. In this article, the grouping standards of in-situ direct shear test is evaluated through the principles, failure modes and displacement inflexions. The results show that, for shear zone with complicated component and complex failure modes and small thickness, grouping by failure modes and displacement inflexions is closer to actual conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Effect of Stress on the Fatigue Characteristics of Compressed Air Energy Storage in Salt Caves WANG Zhi, WANG Tao, ZHOU Li, Ma Ru, YANG Yuan, LI Jie 2026, 40 (1):  144-148.  Abstract ( 14 )   Save Compressed air energy storage as a mainstream large-capacity energy storage technology is constrained by gas storage containers (underground salt caverns). In this study, cyclic loading tests are conducted on salt rock samples from salt caverns using a high-temperature creep testing device. Four stress cycle parameters, including upper limit stress, lower limit stress, mean stress, and half-amplitude stress, varied under sinusoidal conditions to investigate the influence of stress factors on the fatigue characteristics of salt caverns. Based on the experimental results, increasing the upper limit stress, mean stress, lower limit stress, or enlarging the half-amplitude stress all led to an increase in the deformation rate of tested samples. Notably, only when the upper limit stress was maintained while varying the lower limit stress, the magnitude of strain change remained relatively small. Within the cyclic stress range, the maximum deformation occurred at the upper limit stress, and the influence of holding stress on the sample was not significant when the stress was maintained at approximately 80% of the upper limit stress. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental Study on the Effect of Desorption-Absorption Moisture Process on the Resistivity of a Silty Clay LI Ke, FAN Henghui, LI Xuemei, LIANG Meijie, ZHOU Lina 2026, 40 (1):  149-153.  Abstract ( 12 )   Save Soil resistivity is one of the basic physical indices to evaluate soil characteristics, which is related to soil structure, mineral composition, moisture content and other factors. In this paper, the resistivity of silty clay samples under different degrees of compaction and desorption-absorption moisture paths are tested through laboratory tests. The effects of degree of compaction and desorption-absorption moisture paths on the resistivity changes of silty clay samples and their influencing mechanisms are investigated. Finally, Gunzel and Waxman models were used to compare and analyze the test results. The most suitable resistivity structure model for the silty clay in the dehumidification and hygroscopic process is identified. The results show that the decrease rate of resistivity is greater with the increase of volumetric water content under the condition of lower degree of compaction. Under the same moisture content, the resistivity of the soil sample on the desorption-absorption moisture path is greater. The fitting results show that the Gunzel and Waxman models have higher fitting accuracy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental Study on Performance of High Specific Gravity Bentonite Slurry ZENG Dexing, YANG Xing, 2026, 40 (1):  154-158.  Abstract ( 15 )   Save During the large diaphragm wall construction, it is necessary to increase the specific gravity of the newly made drilling slurry after a long time of rest to maintain the stability of the borehole. Two slurry weight increasing agents, iron powder and barite powder, respectively, are selected for comparative study. The effects of type, content and particle size of the weight increase agent on the specific gravity, viscosity, mud cake thickness, colloid ratio and filter vector of the drilling slurry are evaluated. The results show that iron powder and barite powder have certain effects on gravity, viscosity, mud cake thickness and filter vector of the drilling slurry but have little effect on colloidal ratio of the slurry. The specific gravity gain effect of iron powder on the drilling slurry is more obvious than that of barite powder, which can increase the specific gravity of drilling slurry by 5.7%~10.5%. The slurry viscosity increases with the increase of weight booster content, and the influence of barite powder on the slurry viscosity is the most obvious, and the influence range is about 0.1205/ (s/g) ~0.8165/ (s/g). The particle size of the thickener mainly affects the slurry viscosity, mud cake thickness and filter vector, and these three performance indexes increase with the increase of the particle size of the thickener but have almost no effect on the specific gravity and colloid ratio of the drilling slurry. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Geological Engineering Investigation in Construction Projects XI Danni, YAN Jie 2026, 40 (1):  159-162.  Abstract ( 15 )   Save The rapid urbanization development in China, the construction of high-raised buildings has the function of alleviating the demanding of urban land resources. In recent years, high-raised buildings have become a major structure type in cities. The area of construction for the high-raised buildings is relatively large, and the size of vertical loads is directly proportional to the floor heights. To ensure the smooth construction of the supper structure, restrictive requirements need to be applied for the quality of foundation construction and for the stability of the building foundations. First, geological engineering and geotechnical properties of subsurface materials should be investigated so that a thorough understanding of the geotechnical information can be obtained before the design and construction. Therefore, geological engineering investigation is particularly important in the early stage of a project. This article presents a construction project in Yunfu City as a case history. geological and geotechnical properties of the subsurface soils and bedrock are obtained through drilling and geotechnical laboratory tests. Combining with the sitespecific conditions, the application of geological engineering investigation in construction engineering is analyzed. This case study provides a reference value for similar projects in the region. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanical Properties of Heavily Weathered Basalt in Frozen State WANG Shaohua, LIU Renhai, HUANG Dingcheng, LI Zelong 2026, 40 (1):  163-167.  Abstract ( 10 )   Save As a common type of geotechnical material, the heavily weathered basalt has its unique mechanical properties in the frozen state, which has an important influence on engineering design and construction. However, there is relatively few research on the mechanical properties of heavily weathered basalt in the frozen state. In this paper, the influence of water content, confining pressure and freeze-thaw cycles on the mechanical properties of the heavily weathered basalt under freezing conditions is studied. Triaxial shear experiments are carried out on the heavily weathered basalt under freezing conditions with water content, confining pressure and freeze-thaw cycles as control variables to evaluate the changes of stress-strain curve and strength and to analyze their influence on mechanical properties. The results show that the mechanical properties of the heavily weathered basalt under the freezing condition are affected by the initial water content, the confining pressure and the freeze-thaw cycles. Based on the analysis of its strength and stability changes, the mechanical properties of the heavily weathered basalt under the freezing state and provides mechanical parameters and theoretical basis for its engineering design and construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental Study on Interface Friction Characteristics of Geomembrane Under Dry-wet Conditions of Different Fillers SONG Cheng, SUN Hui, LIU Jun 2026, 40 (1):  168-172.  Abstract ( 16 )   Save To investigate the interaction characteristics between geotextile membranes and fill materials, direct shear friction tests were conducted with two types of fill materials: dry standard sand and wet expansive clay. The test results showed that as the normal stress increased, the interfacial shear stress between the membrane and fill materials gradually rose. The peak and residual shear stresses of the membrane-dry standard sand interface were higher than those of the membrane-wet expansive clay interface. The peak interfacial cohesion and friction angle of the geotextile membrane in dry standard sand were 9.28% and 43.37% higher, respectively, than those in wet expansive clay, while the residual interfacial cohesion and friction angle were 39.17% and 26.60% higher, respectively. During the direct shear tests, both fill materials exhibited significant shear contraction. The vertical displacement of dry standard sand showed an up-and-down fluctuation, whereas wet expansive clay remained continuously compressed. The apparent friction coefficient at the membrane-dry standard sand interface was greater than that at the membrane-wet expansive clay interface, but both were less than 1. These findings provide important technical support for the engineering application and design of geotextile membranes. Related Articles | Metrics