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    31 October 2021, Volume 35 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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    MJS Column with H Beam Insertion Installed under Very Low Head Room
    ZHOU Rong, YANG Lanqiang, WANG Guoquan, LI Jiaming, SUN Baosheng
    2021, 35 (5):  539-543. 
    Abstract ( 748 )   Save
    This paper presents a case history of deep excavation supporting system installed under a very low headroom restraints for minimizing the impact on the adjacent buildings, utilities and other structures. A U-shaped excavation in soft soils was designed under cross a bridge with active traffic. The net clearance under the bridge was only 1.93 meters and the edge of excavation was 2.7 meters to the bridge pile foundation. Under the very low head constraints, the supporting system was planned to be steel H-beam inserted Metro-Jetting-System (MJS) formed columns with one layer of internal support by reinforced concrete struts. The construction sequence for the excavation supporting system was different than the conventional H-beam inserted MJS columns, that is, MJS column formed after the installation of steel H-beams. However, there are zones of un-jetted exist in this method and the local re-jetting is necessary. The field study indicated that the grouted column formed by the MJS had a diameter of 3.1 to 3.2 meters and the dimensions met the design requirement. There are no-gaps between the steel H-beam and the grouts. The MJS formed soilcrete had an unconfined compressive strength greater than 1.5 MPa. The length of the H-beam for the insertion had to be between 1.5 and 2.5 meters and the H-beam insertion needed to be spliced on-site. The full penetration welding with the guide plate can effectively resolve the strength reduction due to the splicing.
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    Soft Soil Improvement and Optimization with CFG Columns
    CAO Jinchun, MENG Lingfeng, ZHANG Benke
    2021, 35 (5):  544-548. 
    Abstract ( 449 )   Save
    This paper presents a case history of soil improvement with Cement-Fly ash-Gravel (CFG) columns project that resolving the typical characteristics of soft soil of low bearing capacity, high compressibility and poor mechanical properties. A two-dimensional plane strain finite element model using ABAQUS software with contact element between column and soil was established to evaluate the bearing capacity and settlement of the composite ground under the loading. The design parameters, column length, column diameter and spacing, were numerically investigated and optimized. The results indicated that the composite ground improved by CFG columns met the design requirement and the numerical simulated results can be used as the design guide lines for the actual project. The total settlement reduction and increasing the bearing capacity could be achieved by increasing the column length and column diameter and reducing the column spacings. However, a minimum number of columns should be maintained.
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    Ventilation Design and Analysis in the Construction of Wujingming Tunnel
    LIU Pan, ZHANG Shaoxiong, SUN Long, XIE Quanmin
    2021, 35 (5):  549-552. 
    Abstract ( 372 )   Save
    Ventilation design in the construction stage is an important part of the highway tunnel construction organization design. This paper presents a case history of Wujingming Tunnel of Huali Expressway Project. The ventilation in the tunnel construction is carefully designed and calculated to ensure the safety of tunnel construction and improve the quality of tunnel construction. The calculation method of ventilation volume, ventilation resistance and wind pressure in tunnel construction is proposed. Throughout the detailed calculations, the ventilation volume, ventilation resistance and ventilation pressure of Wujingming Tunnel construction were obtained. The results provide important technical parameters for the implementation of the ventilation system in the construction of Wujingming tunnel so that the construction safety of the tunnel was warranted.
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    Application of Foam Concrete in Backfill of Abandoned Civil Air Defense Tunnel#br#
    MA Yongzheng, WEN Xiaodong, FENG Lei, ZHANG Zhenya, WANG Saisai
    2021, 35 (5):  553-556. 
    Abstract ( 430 )   Save
    In order to resolve the problem of backfill treatment of the abandoned civil air defense tunnels in the coastal soft soil area, this paper presents the construction measures of the cast-in-place foam concrete as the backfill material. The targets of the foam concrete backfill in the abandoned tunnels are defined. Throughout the laboratory material tests, the mix ratios of cement, fly ash, foaming agent and other additives were determined. Then, the 1:1 cross-section model test of the tunnel was performed to verify the degree of filling, apparent integrity, and the effectiveness on-site mixing measures. Finally, a pilot demonstration backfill tunnel was carried out to monitor the temperature and pressure changes in the backfills, the settlement of soft soil foundation during the construction process, and the long-term variation of backfill density under the groundwater. The results show that the hydration heat and the foam concrete should be properly controlled; the long-term water resistance performance during the construction is acceptable, and the environmental impact of the foam concrete is minimal.
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    Influence of the Subway Shielded Tunnel Passing Through the Adjacent Highway Box Culvert
    ZHONG Sheng
    2021, 35 (5):  557-562. 
    Abstract ( 383 )   Save
    This paper presents the finite difference analysis results using FLAC3D of the effect of Tunnel Boring Machine (TMB) excavation of the Changsha Metro No. 1 tunnel on the adjacent highway box culvert. By comparing the field monitoring data and the numerical analysis results, effect of the tunnel excavation on the active highway box culvert such as settlement in the longitudinal and transverse direction were investigated. The results indicate that, in the left side of the tunnel excavation, the “V” shape of the settlement at D1 cross section was observed and settlement influence zone is within three times of the tunnel diameters; During the excavation of the right tunnel, the settlement trough was becoming wider and a zone of settlement superposition at area between two tunnels was formed and the maximum settlement was 18.24 mm. The monitoring point near the center line of the left line had the largest disturbance when the shielded tunnel passed through. The rate of the settlement change decreased from 0.94 mm·m-1 to 0.40 mm·m-1 as the distance to the excavation face increased, which reflected in the soil settlement and deformation monitoring values. The monitoring points D1-5 in the middle area of the left and right lines were affected by the grouting diffusion effect of shielded tail, and the variation of soil settlement disturbance was not obvious. The settlement deformation of the highway box culvert did not exceed the control value, but the differential settlement was relatively large due to the influence of the consolidation of disturbed strata, slurry solidification and pore water pressure dissipation. It was suggested that the circular grouting of cement-water glass slurry method should be adopted in the future projects to reduce the settlement deformation.
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    Deep Excavation Support Design in the Expansive Soils in Handan
    YUAN Haichao
    2021, 35 (5):  563-566. 
    Abstract ( 301 )   Save
    The trend of development of urban buildings becomes higher and deeper. The deep excavation support design is frequently encountered in the construction projects. The risks and challenges in deep excavations in expansive soils are also increased. This paper presents a case history of deep excavation support design in expansive soil of Handan. Two different support methods, shotcrete and soldier pile and ground anchor, were applied in the construction based on the site conditions. The deformation and cost information of the deep excavation in the expansive soils are also compared in the paper. The study results indicate that, the strength reduction method can be used in the excavation support design in expansive soils; if the shotcrete method is used, the excavated surface should be protected immediately; under the appropriate construction sequence and technique, the soldier pile and ground anchor excavation support method could be more economical and feasible.
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    Large Deformation and Mitigation Measures in Excavation of Baogaishan Tunnel Through Granite Contact Zone
    YAO Hongrong
    2021, 35 (5):  567. 
    Abstract ( 681 )   Save
    Large deformation was observed in excavation of Baogaishan Tunnel through the granite and tuff contact zone. Although the excavation supporting structures were in good conditions, excessive deformation at crown of the tunnel was accumulated to 1.2 meters in a short period of time. Through a thorough geological reconnaissance and analyses of petrographic and minerals of rock mass near the contact zone, results showed that large deformations occurred in a location between granite and tuff contact zone. Due to the special magmatic evolution and diagenesis process near the contact zone, soft rock mass that consisting of kaolinite, montmorillonite and other hydrophilic soft rock minerals were well developed in this area. The presence of a large number of hydrophilic soft rock minerals not only provides material conditions for the development of large deformations, but also results in the significant deterioration of the physical and hydrological characteristics of the surrounding rock mass. With the disturbance by the tunnel excavation, the stress redistribution and groundwater seepage, these factors result in the reservation of the surrounding rock mass deformation. The rock mass therefore experiences of cyclic flooding-water loss flooding process. This cycle of groundwater saturation not only causes the expansion of hydrophilic soft rock minerals, but also contributes to the deformation of the larger extent surrounding rock mass and the excessive earth pressure acting on the support structures beyond their design capacity, which in turn result in the large deformation of the surrounding rock mass. A series of mitigation measures such as drainage path, reinforcement of surrounding rock mass and early support were implemented, and the deformation of surrounding rock was successfully controlled to ensure the safety of the project.
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    Stability Evaluation of Geri Landslide
    TAN Wenqi, ZHANG Lianhua
    2021, 35 (5):  573-577. 
    Abstract ( 275 )   Save
    This paper presents the analysis results of Geri Landslide. Based on the characterizing of the landslide and the site geological conditions, the landslide triggering mechanism was also evaluated. Throughout the qualitative and quantitative analyses, the stability of Geri landslide is further studied, and the stability of Geri landslide is investigated under three different working conditions. The results show that the body of the Geri landslide is generally stable in the natural condition but is instable under the heavy rainfall and earthquake conditions. Under these adverse influence factors, the landslide body is likely to slid and landslide mitigation measures are needed.
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    Settlement and Deformation Control Measures for Tunnel in Silty Clay Soils
    ZHANG Chao, WANG Fei, WU Hua, JIANG Tonghu
    2021, 35 (5):  578-582. 
    Abstract ( 280 )   Save
    Excessive settlement deformation problem in highway tunnel construction is frequently encountered when it passes through the silty clay soils. This paper evaluates potential factors that might induce the excessive deformations in the highway tunnel excavation in the silty clay soils. Deformation control measures are also summarized. The results of construction of Wangjiashan Tunnel in Chizhou are presented as a background. The monitoring data of ground subsidence, settlement at the crest as well as the side of the tunnel are compared and analyzed so that the stress and strain characteristics of the tunnel could be obtained. Based on the analytical information, different tunnel excavation induced settlement control measures could be implemented in both left and right tunnel excavations. The results show that there was a synchronous change relationship between the surface settlement and the settlement deformation during the tunnel excavation in silty clay soils; the foundation grouting reinforcement program could, not only rapidly and effectively reduce the surface settlement and the deformation in the tunnel, but also shorten the stability time of the settlement deformation. The control effect of the settlement deformation in the tunnel excavation is better than that of the filling replacement measure. 
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    Research Progress Review of Basalt Fibers Applied in the Soil Improvement
    CHEN Xuejun, XU Keyu, DING Xiang,
    2021, 35 (5):  583-586. 
    Abstract ( 484 )   Save
    The basalt fiber is a green inorganic high-performance fiber, but the research on the basalt fibers in the soil improvement application is still in the preliminary stage. Based on the research progress domestic and overseas, the composition, types and special physical properties of the basalt fiber compared with traditional modifier are briefly introduced. This paper also summarizes the influence of the contents and methods of basalt fiber mix on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil mass. Further, the paper comprehensively considers the influence of durability, thermal conductivity after the mixing, explores the improvement of heavy metal contaminated ion soils by the basalt fiber, and integrates the mechanism of basalt fiber improvement on soil by using the potential of shallow geothermal energy, and to further explore the basalt fiber in various special properties.
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    Influence of Rainfall Infiltration on the Stability of Shuping Landslide
    ZHANG Huihui, SUN Linna, ZHANG Lange, HE Keqiang, QUAN Enhou, QUAN Enwei, ZHU Yuxiang, WU Yuanfeng
    2021, 35 (5):  587-591. 
    Abstract ( 204 )   Save
    In this paper, the finite element software Geo-Studio was used to simulate and analyze the stability of landslides under weakened and unweakened conditions. The influence of parameter weakening of different rainfall types on the stability of Shuping Landslide was also studied. The results show that the water content of the slope surface varied with different rainfall types. Under the rainfall condition, the higher the rainfall intensity in the later period, the higher potential of the landslide instability. The appearance time of the parameter weakening effect was different. The concentration rainfall type and the rainfall attenuation type occurred in the middle of rainfall duration, the rainfall average type and rainfall increase type occurred in the later part of the precipitation.
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    Numerical Analysis of Settlement and Allowable Bearing Capacity of a Modular Assembly Site
    CHEN Xingzhuan
    2021, 35 (5):  592-595. 
    Abstract ( 307 )   Save
    Site settlement and bearing capacity control are important contents of a modular assembly site. It is of great significance to minimize site instability and ensure the safety of modular assembly. According to a modular assembly site in Shandong Province, the parameters used in the numerical model were validated by in-situ plate load test results, and the numerical analysis of the site settlement was carried out along with the load distribution of the modular assembly site. In addition, the results of the site settlement under the existing load distribution did not meet the requirements of modular assembly. This paper presents the analysis of the allowable bearing capacity of the modular assembly site. The site allowable bearing capacity distribution of the site is also presented, which provides a reference for the follow-up use of the site and modular assembly.
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    Comparative Study of Prediction Methods of Embankment Settlement in Soft Soils
    WANG Zhixun
    2021, 35 (5):  596-600. 
    Abstract ( 372 )   Save
    Soft soils are deposited in most of China’s coastal areas. Due to the low permeability and high compressibility of these soft soils, the embankment settlement pattern in these areas is very complicated, which is greatly increased the difficulty in the settlement prediction. In order to have a better settlement estimation of embankment in soft soils, this paper extensively validates various empirical methods such as hyperbolic method, exponential smoothing method, etc. On this basis, combined with the embankment settlement data of the specific soft soil areas, these methods are evaluated and compared. The results show that the cubic exponential smoothing method can accurately and reliably predict the embankment settlement in soft soils; the hyperbolic method is not suitable for predicting the embankment settlement in soft soils.
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    Analysis of Landslide Stability Using Unbalanced Thrust Method
    LONG Shengjun, HUO Yulong, WANG Xueqing, WANG Yikun
    2021, 35 (5):  601-604. 
    Abstract ( 377 )   Save
    A combination method of the trial-and-error and the back-analysis is used to evaluate values of c and φ of the sliding body within the rock and soil mass in the sliding zone. This paper presents the analysis of a complex landslide in Siwan Village, Longtian Township, Chengkou County of Chongqing. The stability analysis of 6 groups of profiles within the landslide area was performed. The difference between the implicit and explicit solutions of the unbalanced thrust method was compared. The results show that, when the explicit solution method is used, the analysis result is slightly greater than 1.0, the implicit solution method should be reviewed to prevent the evaluation deviation from being too large; when the explicit solution method is far greater than 1.0, the implicit solution method is also recommended. Since the simplified conditions of the explicit solution no longer meets the solution requirements, additional check should be performed. From the perspective of theoretical analysis and engineering practice, the conclusion can provide a reference for the stability analysis of landslide. 
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    Progress on Mechanical Characteristics of Soft Clay under Stress Paths
    LI Lu, ZHANG Rongtang, ZANG Meng
    2021, 35 (5):  605-609. 
    Abstract ( 236 )   Save
    The stressstrain characteristics of soils are affected by many factors, among which the stress path is one of them. The study of mechanical characteristics of the soft clay under different stress paths that it is a great significance to resolve engineering problems under different conditions. The mechanical properties of the soft clay are related to the complex stress paths experienced under different working conditions. This article reviews the research status on static characteristics, dynamic characteristics and constitutive relation of the soft clay under complex stress paths and summarizes the previous results and elaborates some areas needed to further research.
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    Model Study of a Red Mud Disposal Dam
    CHEN Jiaqiong, CHEN Xuemei
    2021, 35 (5):  610-612. 
    Abstract ( 388 )   Save
    The red mud in Zunyi Alumina Co. Ltd. is usually stockpiled by dry method. In order to determine the red mud cracking and the stability condition of the disposal dam during the dry and rainy seasons, a model dam for the red mud disposal was constructed before the production dam construction. The physical and mechanical properties of red mud in the model dam were tested and the stability of the model dam was monitored for providing the feasibility as well as cost information of production construction. Through the continuous human patrol and equipment observation of the model dam for more than two months, no obvious cracks, collapse, surface uplift or subsidence and sliding phenomenon were observed. After the monitoring, the measured displacement was not more than 10mm, the existing model dam was stable. Through the physical and mechanical indices tests, the degree of compaction reached more than 95%. The average value of consolidated undrained direct shear cohesion was 36.9 kPa, and the tested average value of internal friction angle was 33.1 degrees. The average cohesion of the triaxial test (consolidated undrained) was 45.0 kPa and the average internal friction angle was 17.6 degrees. The mechanical properties of the red mud dam body are acceptable. The model dam test results show that the construction procedures used in the model dam was feasible and the model dam was stable.

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    Rock Mass Arching Effect Considering Lithology and Structural Plane Properties
    LI Qugang
    2021, 35 (5):  613-615. 
    Abstract ( 317 )   Save
    At present, the arching characteristics of soft rock mass are rarely studied. The research in the distribution pattern of the arch effect between the rock mass and anti-slide piles, the stress distribution characteristics of rock body around piles after the arching and the reasonable pile spacing is not thorough enough. The effect of the structural plane development characteristics on the anti-slip effect of rock mass is studied in this paper by the numerical simulation. The results show that, when the sliding body is in soil and in mudstone, the arch formation between anti-slide piles is obvious; when the sliding body is in sandstone, there is almost no arch formation; when the inclination of the structural plane increases, the rock arch effect is increasing. The research results are expected to have a significant progress in the development of rock slope stability on the structural surface of anti-slide pile, which can provide an important theoretical support for the optimal design of anti-slide pile.
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    Axial Capacity of Steel Pipe Pile Installed by Hydraulic Pressed High Frequency Resonance Free Method 
    ZHANG Juan
    2021, 35 (5):  616-620. 
    Abstract ( 458 )   Save
    As a new pile installation method introduced from abroad, the high-frequency resonance-free hydraulic pressed pile driving has received increasing popularity and applied in many large-scale construction projects in China in recent years due to the continuous improvement of equipment performance and the increasing maturity of technology. The principles of pile installation are based on the high frequency vibration destroys the soil around the pile and reduces the lateral friction of the pile to achieve rapid pile penetration, but the destroy of the soil will reduce the axial capacity of the pile and recovers slowly, which makes it difficult to meet the design requirements in a short period of waiting time. In this paper, the engineering case history of high-frequency resonance free hydraulic pressed pile driving in an urban viaduct in Shanghai and its surrounding areas is presented. Through the test results of high-frequency resonance-free hydraulic pressed pile driving, the axial capacities in different set-up period are load tested. The variation trend of the pile axial capacity with time is analyzed and presented.
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    Laboratory Investigations of the Acoustic Emission Characteristic of Rock Samples Sheared Along Structural Plane
    JIN Jiayi, ZHU Zewei, CHEN Zhongqing, GAO Xin
    2021, 35 (5):  621-623. 
    Abstract ( 242 )   Save
    In order to obtain the characteristics of the acoustic emission (AE) during the deformation process of rock samples, this paper presents the structural plane shear tests of three types of rock samples, including basalt, sandstone and limestone from Zhejiang Province. The results indicate that the acoustic emission characteristics of three typical types of rock samples have general similarities. The results also show that the variation characteristics of AE and shear stress of three types of rock samples under the condition of shearing along the structural plane are similar. The correlation between the AE and the shear stress is highly related. The occurrence and the characteristics of AE are closely related to the roughness of the structural plane. The cumulative ringing number and cumulative energy of limestone and sandstone increase sharply from 60% of the total shear displacement. Results from the basalt samples show a step-by-step ascending feature after reaching the peak shear stress. The results can be used as a reference for the monitoring and the prediction of landslides in rock mass in Zhejiang Province.
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    Quality Assurance of Deep Compaction Columns Formed in Collapsible Loess
    LIU Qingyu, GU Liqiang, ZHANG Kaiwei, ZHANG Zhaobin
    2021, 35 (5):  624-627. 
    Abstract ( 340 )   Save
    Throughout geotechnical laboratory test and in-situ water immersion plate load tests, this paper presents the comparative results of two different methods in the deep treatment of collapsible loess soils: compacted lime-soil and cement soil columns. The scope of applying the compacted column in the collapsible loess is to eliminate the potential collapsibility of foundation soils when they are wetted. The results of the plate loading tests on the composited ground was used to select the effective ground improvement method for the proposed cooling tower foundation of a power plant.
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    Experimental Study on the Effect of Liquid Nitrogen Cycling Freezing on the Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass
    HUANG Luyun, LI Zhangsheng, MAO Haijun, WU Hengchuan, WANG Yang
    2021, 35 (5):  628-634. 
    Abstract ( 691 )   Save
    The temperature of liquid nitrogen state is very low (-195.8℃). When it contacts with the rock mass, the cryogenic effect will cause damage to the structure of the rock mass and reduce its physical and mechanical strength parameters. Therefore, the liquid nitrogen can be used as a fracturing fluid for the fracturing of the storage reservoir. In order to study the effect of the low temperature of the liquid nitrogen on the mechanical properties of rock mass, the naturally dried rock samples and fully saturated water samples (Xinjiang limestone, Sichuan limestone and Sichuan grey sandstone) were selected and compared with the tensile and uniaxial compressive strength of rock samples before and after soaking into the liquid nitrogen with different soaking cycles. The results show that, 1) The uniaxial compressive strength and the tensile strength of the rock samples are reduced after being frozen by the liquid nitrogen. 2) Under the natural dry state, the effect of the liquid nitrogen freezing on the strength of the Xinjiang limestone is greater than that of rock samples in other regions. 3) For the saturated same type of rock samples, the effect of the liquid nitrogen freezing can be intensified under the state of water saturation and the rock damage can be induced. The impact on rock strength is significant with the increase of soaking cyclic times. The results can provide the experimental basis for further research on the liquid nitrogen fracturing mechanism.
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    Experimental Study on the Conventional Triaxial Compression of Marble Rock Samples
    DONG Zhengdong, TIAN Haoyuan
    2021, 35 (5):  635-639. 
    Abstract ( 296 )   Save
    The delayed rock burst in the tunnel excavation of hydropower station and the delayed collapse hazards of surrounding rock mass after the excavation were laboratory studied using conventional triaxial compression test equipment on marble rock samples form Pingjing Hydropower Station construction site.  The marble of Jinping Hydropower Station is selected as the research object. Uni-axial compression and conventional triaxial compression tests of marble were carried out by using THMC multifunctional coupling testing machine. The mechanical properties and failure mechanism of marble under external load are studied. The test results show that,1. With the increase of confining pressure, the brittleness of marble decreases and the ductile increases gradually, that is to say, the plastic deformation of marble increases gradually.2. the failure of rock samples in conventional triaxial compression tests is achieved by the increase φ internal friction angle and the decrease of cohesion c.3. The influence mechanism of different confining pressure on the mechanical properties of marble is discussed from the angle of the failure mode of the conventional three-axis compression test marble.
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    Experimental Studies on Different Types of Geogrid in Soil Reinforcement
    DING Jinhua, HE Bo, HU Bo
    2021, 35 (5):  640-644. 
    Abstract ( 442 )   Save
    Geogrids have been widely used in soil reinforcement projects. In the current reinforced-soil design standards in China, the tensile strength of geogrids is generally used as the only index in the control. But there are many other factors affecting the effect of soil reinforcement in addition to tensile strength, such as, goegrid production technology, mesh shape, grid size and rib shape etc. In order to study the bearing and deformation behavior of geogrid-reinforced soils, five series of in-situ plate load tests were performed on one non-reinforced and four different types of geogrids reinforced soils. The experimental results showed that the bearing ratio of goegrid-reinforced foundation can be improved to 1.19~1.43, and the measured settlement can be reduced more than 50% at least. And it is important that the reinforcement effect is not proportional to the tensile strength of geogrids, rather, it is more related to the geogrids type, grid size and structural integrity. The best reinforcement effect by the products was ranked as Tensar TriAx, biaxial oriented geogrids, welded biaxial geogrids, and knitted biaxial geogrid. Because of its special triangular mesh structure and size, the interaction effect between the TriAx geogrids and the sand soil is more obvious, so the characteristic value of the bearing capacity can be increased by 43%, the settlement can be reduced 63%, and the settlement mainly occurs in the upper gravelly soil cushion. Too small or too large grid dimension and peeling features of welding or knitting nodes have an adverse effect to the overall reinforcement effect. Therefore, for the design of the reinforced-soil structure and reinforcement selection, the engineers should not simply take the tensile strength as the only design index, but should pay attention to the physical structure characteristics and mesh size.

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    Effect of Organic Matters on Mechanical Properties of Cement Treated Red Clay and its Micro-mechanism
    LIU Haitao, XU Zhihao, SHAO Zhaoyang
    2021, 35 (5):  645-648. 
    Abstract ( 472 )   Save
    The organic content in the red clay is an important factor affecting the engineering performance of cement treated soils. By testing the mechanical strength of the treated red clay with different organic content, the effect of organic matter on the deformation and strength properties of the treated red clay was evaluated. The mechanism of organic matter in the cement-treated red clay was analyzed by the Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction tests. The results show that, within the organic content studied, the tested sample cohesion increases with the organic content, while the unconfined compressive strength and internal friction angle of the sample continue to decrease until close to the critical value of organic content. At the microscopic level, the organic content affects the mechanical properties of the cement treated red clay by inhibiting the formation of hydration products and inducing the transformation of its structure and morphology.
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