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20 October 2020, Volume 34 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Optimization Design and Stability Analysis of Supporting Measures for Widened High Embankment Slope of Expressway YU Songli, ZHANG Ding, ZHANG Yunyi, LU Wei, YANG Xian , ZHANG Keneng, 2020, 34 (5):  533-536.  Abstract ( 424 )   Save With the rapid development of the society, there is an increasing demand for ground transportations. In some area, the existing two-way four traffic lanes could not meet requirements of the traveling public. This paper presents a case history of widening the existing expressway in Huaihua, Hunan Province, with focus on minimizing the adverse impact on the traffic flow by ensuring the stability of cut slopes. Since the cut slope support was necessary for the proposed widening, the different slope stability supporting measures were compared and the most effective option was selected throughout the optimization. Numerical analysis was also performed on the selected slope stability supporting measure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Case History of Backfilling of a Failed Deep Excavation Project PENG Ying 2020, 34 (5):  537-540.  Abstract ( 344 )   Save The backfilling of an existing excavated foundation pit was required to address the safety concern since the design life of an exposed deep excavation was exceeded. This paper presents a case history of back filling of a fully excavated foundation pit with exposure of six (6) years. The observed distresses of this deep excavation were cracks behind the supporting structure; spalling of shotcrete covering the soldier piles; localized shallow failures on back slopes behind the reinforced concrete waler beams; rusted anchor and anchor plates and overgrown vegetation at the bottom of excavation. Since there were no anticipated further construction activities for this project, it was decided to backfill the excavated area using rakers and soil berms to provide back pressure. During the backfilling operation, the deformations of the existing supporting structure were monitored, and the monitoring results suggested that the method used in the backfilling was effective and the construction was safe. Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction of Ground Deformation Method Induced by Shielded Tunneling with a 9.0 Meter TBM LUO Furong, WANG Xin, LI Yuankai, HAN Xuan 2020, 34 (5):  541-545.  Abstract ( 272 )   Save This paper presents a case history of deformation prediction methods for the ground deformations induced by the shielded tunneling with a 9.0meter diameter Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) in a metro line construction of the Beijing Daxing International Airport. The ground subsidence characteristics, strata loss ratio, and the coefficient of ground subsidence trough width were back analyzed using 30 sets of monitored data. In addition, influence factors, such as, geological conditions that including weighted deformation modulus of the excavation surface stratum, overlying soil thickness and equivalent deformation modulus of overlying stratum and the shield construction parameters such as, soil pressures, distance of excavation, grouting pressures and grouting volumes on stratum deformation, as well as their characteristic parameters caused by the shielded tunneling with a 9 m diameter TBM are performed. A prediction method using key parameters of Peck Theory for the 9m-diameter TBM is proposed. The data back analysis provides the basis for a reliable method for predicting the surface deformation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Landslide at a Soft Rock Slope and Its Integrated Mitigation Measures LEI Zhengmin 2020, 34 (5):  546-549.  Abstract ( 520 )   Save Slope stability is a relatively complicated problem in geotechnical engineering. Among many factors that affect the slope stability, water is the main inducing factor that affects the slope instability. This paper presents the analysis of the landslide in a soft rock slope and its mitigation methods. The results show that the infiltration of rainwater caused the increase of the moisture content in soil and the sharp decrease of shear strength of the soil within a certain depth of the slope, resulting in the landslides. In order to mitigate the landslide, the deformation characteristics, reasons, development trends, etc. should be fully evaluated, and the appropriate geotechnical characteristics indices should be analyzed and selected. In addition, the combination of retaining structure, load reduction, back pressure, intercepting and drainage measures should be adopted based on different working conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and Geohazards of Karst Geology in Wuhan Deeply Embedded Tunnel Project PENG Huazhong, LONG Zhiguo, HU Shuai 2020, 34 (5):  550-553.  Abstract ( 453 )   Save The complicated karst geological conditions are widely distributed in the Coty of Wuhan and karst geological hazards are frequently occurred. Based on the special karst investigation of the proposed Dadonghu deeply buried tunnel in Wuhan, this paper summarizes the karst rock cavity development along the proposed tunnel alignment with different statistical methods. The paper also provides recommendations for the construction measures under various unfavorable karstic geological conditions for the proposed deeply buried tunnel. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deformation Control of Existing Tunnel Induced by Undercrossing Shield Tunnel at Small Distance FU Chunqing, GAO Yuchun, YAN Jing, LIU Wei 2020, 34 (5):  554-559.  Abstract ( 259 )   Save Synchronous grouting is usually adopted to control the ground settlement during the shielded tunnel excavations. Based on the project of Metro Line No.12 beneath the Line 10 in Beijing, this paper investigates the deformation control of a tunnel excavation close to an existing tunnel. Based on the consolidation deformation characteristics of the synchronous grouting material, a method for predicting the deformation induced by the gap at the end of shielding under the synchronous grouting is proposed. The numerical simulation was used to analyze the deformation of the existing tunnel. The results indicate that, the maximum settlement of existing tunnel was -4.08 mm, which was greater than the control value. The measured deformation suggested that the synchronous grouting alone could not guarantee the safe operation of the existing tunnel. Upon deformation prediction, methods of onsite soil reinforcement and isolation zones were adopted to reduce deformation of existing tunnels. Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and Construction Methods of a Deep Excavation Supporting Structure for a Building ZHANG Guoyin 2020, 34 (5):  560-564.  Abstract ( 294 )   Save Based on the site specific engineering geology, hydrogeological conditions and the adjacent environments at a propose building site, the deep excavation supporting structure was selected by using the combination of supporting structures, inside sloping at proposed shallow excavation areas with back slope, soldier piles with shotcrete with welded wire mesh coverage and internal supports. The different construction process, such as, soldier piles, high-pressure jet grout, well points and soil nails are reviewed and summarized in the paper. Throughout the combination use of shotcrete with welded wire mesh, grouting, internal support and earth removal, the construction efficiency is effectively improved, and the construction schedule is saved. Using informational construction, monitoring and regular inspection of the deep excavation and soldier pile construction, as well as emergency backup, the construction induced risks could be effectively avoided. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Debris Flow in Northern Guangxi Using Mudslide in Renhe Village, Guanyang County as an Example DONG Binghong, LIU Zhikui, LI Shanmei, LI Yiran 2020, 34 (5):  565-567.  Abstract ( 407 )   Save Debris flow is one of the most common geological hazards in mountainous areas. It is a special fluid containing large quantities of fine, coarse or gravel sized particles that are formed by the precipitation in synclinal gullies or back slopes. Debris flow has the characteristics of cooccurrence, periodicity and mass occurrence. The cause analysis of debris flow is fundamental to the of preventing and controlling debris flow hazard. This paper presents the Jiangjiatun debris flow in Renhe Village of Guanyang County in the mountainous area of northern Guangxi. The cause of debris flow in this area is analyzed based on the topographical features, stratigraphic lithology, geological structure and meteorological conditions. The results show that the steep terrain, loose and weak lithology, fault zone, quake lake caused by ancient landslide and short period of heavy rainfall are the main factors causing the mudslide. Related Articles | Metrics

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Seismic Non-Limit Earth Pressure Acting on the Rigid Retaining Wall under the Translation Movement Conditions TANG Jinhuan, HUANG Rui, 2020, 34 (5):  568-571.  Abstract ( 286 )   Save The traditional seismic earth pressure theory mainly studies the earth pressure when the displacement of the retaining wall reaches the limit state under seismic loading conditions. However, whether the retaining wall can reach the limit displacement state or not is often related to the displacement mode. In order to better reflect the actual engineering situation, it is necessary to study the theory of seismic non-limit earth pressures. Based on the horizontal layer element method, the improved pseudo-dynamic method of seismic non-limit active earth pressure distribution for the retaining wall under the translational displacement mode is established, which considers the variations of friction angles with the displacement of retaining walls. The analytical expressions of the resultant force and the action point of seismic active earth pressure are also proposed. The results of the seismic earth pressure distribution predicted by this method are compared with the measured data of previous model test results. The calculated earth pressure distribution curve is in good agreement with the measured distribution, which verifies the rationality of the proposed method. The research results have certain reference value for developing the theory of nonlimit earth pressure and guiding the seismic design of slope engineering. Related Articles | Metrics

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Displacement Analysis of Slope Stability Considering the Different Degrees of Vertical Acceleration XIAO Huajie 2020, 34 (5):  572-574.  Abstract ( 391 )   Save In the stability analysis of earthquakeinduced slope instability, in order to demonstrate the dynamic failure mode of slopes, quantitative indicators of the permanent displacement are often used. The influence of vertical ground motion on slope stability has always been a controversial issue when studying the permanent displacement of slopes. Based on the classical Newmark method, this paper uses the vertical seismic coefficient λ to indicate the degree of vertical seismic inertial force, the classic three major seismic waveforms measured by the input station, and compare the effects of different degrees of vertical acceleration on the slope stability. It shows that the existence of vertical acceleration is particularly significant for the slope. Considering the vertical acceleration coefficient λ is positive, it will have a significant impact on the stability of the slope, and the highest can be achieved without considering the permanent displacement of the vertical acceleration. When comparing the effects of different angles on slope stability, it is found that slopes with slower slopes are prone to greater displacement growth rates. Many times, so in the design of seismic slopes, the influence of vertical acceleration on the slope cannot be ignored. Related Articles | Metrics

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Elastoplastic Numerical Analysis of A TBM Excavated Tunnel Skewed Undercrossing an Urban Viaduct SUN Jie, WU Ke, ZHENG Yang, HAN Yucong, ZHU Renjun, HAO Mengxue 2020, 34 (5):  575-579.  Abstract ( 191 )   Save During the tunnel excavation using Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM), the initial geostress field will be changed. This change of geo-stress results in the rock mass disturbance and deforming at the face of excavation and then induces the ground subsidence. This paper presents the a threedimensional elasto-plastic numerical simulation of the TBM excavated tunnel for No.1 Line of Qingdao Metro that skewed undercrossing the urban viaduct at Renmin Road of Shibei District. The process of tunnel excavation on the urban municipal bridge above is simulated with the focus on the deformations at top of tunnel and the pile supported foundation of the viaduct structure. Further, the breakage and deformation surrounding rock mass at the TBM excavation face was also simulated and the rock stress changes as well as the development of plastic zone were also compared so that the broken zone of the rock mass can be predicted. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Numerical Simulation Method in Analyzing of Settlement Factors of Highway Embankment in Soft Soils WANG Yongsong 2020, 34 (5):  580-582.  Abstract ( 383 )   Save The settlement in the soft soil subgrade project seriously affects the construction schedule and the service life of the roadway. The main factors that cause the settlement in the embankment include the embankment height, filling speed and the drainage characteristics of subgrade. In order to study the influence degree of these factors on the settlement in the embankment on soft soils, this paper uses the PLAXIS finite element software to establish the two-dimensional plane model of soft soil embankment, and the embankment is simulated by the Mohr Coulomb model. The creep model of soft soil is used to simulate the soft soil. The analysis results show that: ① the embankment height has an obvious effect on the magnitude of settlement in soft soils, and there is a good correlation between the two. With the increase of embankment height, the vertical pressure in the soft soil increases, which increases the settlement of subgrade; ② the settlement in the soft soil subgrade is mainly in the consolidation stage of soft soil, when the consolidation is completed, The settlement tends to stable. With the acceleration of construction filling rate, the settlement rate tends to stable. When the average filling rate is 5 cm/day, the filling effect of subgrade is the best; ③ when the vacuum drainage preloading method is adopted for constructing the embankment in soft soil, the distance between drainage path is one meter, and the vacuum pressure is 80 kPa, the drainage effect is the best, and the embankment reaches the stable settlement pattern quickly. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanical Properties of Cement Mixed Soil Modified by Different Nanomaterials CHEN Zechao, LI Jian, HU Tie, KANG Haibo, LI Na, WANG Wei 2020, 34 (5):  583-586.  Abstract ( 469 )   Save Cement mixed soil is widely used in construction projects because of its low cost and excellent performance, but there are still some problems such as relative low strength and large deformation. Nanomaterials are one of the focus on the current research in the field of building materials. Proper addition of nanomaterials to cement mixed soils can effectively improve their mechanical properties. This paper primarily analyzes and summarizes the mechanical properties of cement mixed soils modified by nanoSiO2, nanoMgO and nan Al2O3. The conclusions show that: (1) The optimum content of nanomaterials is related to the cement content, moisture content and physical properties of cement mixed soils; (2) The soils with a nanoSiO2 content between 3% and 4% can effectively improve the strength of the cement mixed soil; (3) The optimum incorporation ratio of nano MgO cement-modified soil is 1%. (4) The optimum content of nano Al2O3 cement-modified soil is between 2.5% and 4%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability Analysis of Shielded Tunnel Excavation Passing Through an Existing Tunnel Using Particle Flow Code LONG Fei 2020, 34 (5):  587-592.  Abstract ( 577 )   Save When several subway lines intersect, the excavation disturbance of the new shielded excavated tunnel in the crossing section is very complicated. When the existing tunnels are close to the new tunnel excavation, not only will the ground settlement be induced, but also will an adverse effect be made on the existing tunnels. For the construction form of the new shielded tunnel excavation under crossing the existing tunnel in active service, a 2D discrete element numerical model was established to study the failure surface of the shielded tunnel excavation passing through the existing tunnel nearby. In addition, the longitudinal ground deformation caused by the excavation and the distribution pattern of the soil pressure around the tunnel has also been analyzed. The results show that with the increase of the displacement of the excavation face, the support pressure of the shielded excavation increases first and then decreases. Due to the presence of the existing tunnel, the excavation face is gradually away from the existing tunnel, the pressure of the shielded excavation face is larger than that of the excavation approaching the existing tunnel. Further, the maximum ground surface settlement value is in the range of 2D from the center of the existing tunnel. With the advance of the shielded excavation, the earth pressure on the segment of the new tunnel appears to be a trend of gradual increase. When the tunnel is away from the existing tunnel, the lateral earth pressure on the top of the tunnel increases gradually, and the earth pressure along the depth direction in the front of the shielded excavation surface is significantly nonlinear. Related Articles | Metrics

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Translation of Pile with Screw Thread and “Screwed Pile”——From Philology and Screw Thread Producing Methods XUE Jiangwei, WU Kunling 2020, 34 (5):  593-596.  Abstract ( 465 )   Save In the field of civil engineering in China, piles with “screw” technologies are always mistranslated into “screwed pile”, meanwhile, Chinese invention patents related to E02 classification of water conservancy, foundation and dredging are lack of unified standard Chinese terminologies to describe “screw”, which are not constructive for “one belt & one road” and merging the China inventions into the world. This paper uses a term of translation from the screw thread producing methods as the core clue, proposes some suggestions for the translation of relevant words in Chinese and English, and explore new classification system to installation of concrete piles, displacement castinplace concrete pile becoming one of the three key parts among the pile market worldwide. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Simulation on the Segment Cracking Induced by Backend Gasket GUO Zhili 2020, 34 (5):  597-601.  Abstract ( 204 )   Save Segment cracks during the shielded tunnel excavation have a large impact on the safety and durability of the lining structure. Based on the field investigation for the segment cracking in shielded tunnel excavation of Fuzhou Metro, the numerical simulations for shielded even/eccentric jacking conditions are carried out by using the MIDAS platform. The distribution of the tensile stress with the segment and the segment backend cracking are well analyzed under the unfavorable conditions such as the uneven distribution or the voiding of backend gaskets. Under the even jacking condition, the segment remains in safety even with some unfavorable condition of gasket. Under the eccentric jacking condition, the segment cracking may occur on the backend area where lacking gaskets. Related Articles | Metrics

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Safety Measures for Anti-surge Stability of Deep Excavation under Artesian Groundwater LI Xiongwei, HE Liang, HUANG Kailin, QIN Yu 2020, 34 (5):  602-606.  Abstract ( 436 )   Save In this paper, an example of the deep foundation excavation project of Qingfeng Park Station in Changzhou Metro Line 2 is presented. The finite element software was used to establish an analytical model for the deep excavation under the artesian groundwater conditions. The stability of the excavation under the confined water conditions and the surrounding environment were analyzed. The effect of deformation was studied to reduce the height of water head and increase the depth of the ground connecting wall by well points to control the stability of the excavated areas and the deformation of the adjacent environment. The results show that the effect of increasing the depth of the ground wall on the stability of the deep excavation under the artesian groundwater conditions and the deformation control of the surrounding environment is far less effective than the arrangement of a depressurization well to reduce the groundwater height. Groundwater pressure reduction measures to prevent surges in the excavated bottom  and the control the deformation of the surrounding environment are also resented in the paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Experimental Study on The Characteristic Value of Horizontal Bearing Capacity of Foundation Pile Before and After Vacuum Preloading WANG Wei, CUI Xiao, JIN Peiyang, WANG Li 2020, 34 (5):  607-611.  Abstract ( 336 )   Save The lateral resistance of the piles in saturated soft soil is important to the stability of tall and large span buildings and other structures. This paper presents three-dimensional numerical analysis results of pile foundations in the vacuum preloading improved mucky silty soft soils. The soil-structure interaction effect was considered in the analysis and the lateral loaded piles in soft soils before and after the preloading were compared. The results indicate that, when a pile in original soft soils under different lateral load, the lateral pile deformation patterns were similar: the point of zero shear is 2～3 meters below the ground. Larger lateral loading results in a larger stress in the pile and the lateral load influence depth is between 0 and 15 meters. When a pile in the vacuum preloading improved soil, with the increase of the soil improvement (limited to 10 meters), the lateral resistance of pile increases with the depth of soil improvement. However, when the soil improvement depth is greater than the limiting depth, the increment of the lateral resistance gradually reduces. Therefore, the improvement depth should be appropriately determined for a cost-effective construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability Analysis of a Colluvium Landslide under Rainfall and Reservoir Pool Level Fluctuation MA Huan, FANG Bo, , GUO Mingwei 2020, 34 (5):  612.  Abstract ( 306 )   Save Environmental factors such as fluctuation in reservoir pool level and sudden heavy precipitations are important factors that cause the bank slope instability. Most of the landslides that instable, continue to deform and marginally stable are mostly caused by the rainfall and changes in reservoir pool levels. The change of seepage field induces landslide deformation and instability to induce in geological hazards. This paper studies the stability variation of the Fujiapingzi landslide on the Jinsha River reservoir bank during one cycle of reservoir water dispatching. The finite element analysis software GeoStudio was used to evaluate the stability of the bank slope by environmental factors such as changes in the reservoir pool level, precipitation and their combined effects. The results show that, within a reservoir pool level dispatching cycle, the most instable moment of the Fujiapingzi landslide was when the reservoir pool level drops to Elevation 540 m (in May), and the most instable location was at the front edge of the landslide, and the overall landslide was potentially instable; The landslide safety factor changed during the pool level scheduling period is basically consistent with the changing trend of the reservoir pool level. When the reservoir pool level remained unchanged, the rise of the groundwater level would reduce the rock and soil mechanical strength parameters, which would affect the stability of the slope, and the safety factor of the bank slope would decrease; when the reservoir water level raised, the seepage force generated by the infiltration and the hydrostatic pressure on the opposite bank slope were greater than the buoyant drag force generated after the front edge of the sliding body was submerged, and the safety factor was improved. As the reservoir water level decreased, the stability of the slide body decreased, indicating that the seepage force in the slope and the reservoir water pressure on the front edge of the landslide played a leading role. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental Study on the Improvement of Guilin Red Clay by Rubber Particles PANG Banghui, ZHU Shouzeng, HUI Yanglei 2020, 34 (5):  617-620.  Abstract ( 389 )   Save In order to improve the engineering properties of Guilin red clay and to increase the utilization of recycled tires, the lightweight tire rubber particles with grain sizes of 0.5 mm, 2 mm and 4.75 mm were blended into the red clay samples for the improved light compaction test and the direct shear test. The effects of different ratios and different particle sizes on the compaction characteristics and shear strength of the red clay showed that the maximum dry density decreased with the increase of the mixing ratio, and the optimum moisture content decreased. The rubber particle mixing ratio was between 2% and 8%, the shear strength increases; the increase of the shear strength of the rubber particle of 0.5 mm in grain size in the red clay is mainly caused by the increase of internal friction angle. The shear strength of 2 mm rubber particle within the red clay increases by both the cohesion and the internal friction. Caused by the increase of the angle; the increase of the shear strength of the 4.75 mm rubber particle red clay is mainly caused by the increase of cohesion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Unconfined Compression Test of THF Hydrate Bearing Sediments TANG Qin, LI Yang, YAN Rongtao 2020, 34 (5):  621-624.  Abstract ( 248 )   Save In this study, the unconfined compressive tests at low temperature conditions were conducted on the artificial THF hydratebearing sediment samples under four different hydrate saturations (0%, 40%, 50%, 60%). The sediment skeleton was prepared according to the drilling results of SH2 station in South China Sea. The results show that, the stressstrain curve of samples have a large strain soften in shape, which is more obvious with the increase of hydrate saturation. The intergranular hydrate significantly increases the elastic modulus which shifts to higher area with the increase of hydrate saturation. Besides, with the increase of hydrate saturation, the unconfined compressive strength of samples increases exponentially, which is consistent with the trend of strength measured by triaxial and direct shear tests. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of Undrained Shear Strength of Quaternary Coastal Cohesive Soil by CPT YANG Xiaoliang 2020, 34 (5):  625-628.  Abstract ( 358 )   Save The parameters of the Quaternary marine originated cohesive soil have the characteristics of random spatial distribution and variability, so it is important to obtain the accurate strength parameters in geotechnical investigations. As one of the most widely used insitu methods, cone penetration test (CPT) has obvious advantages in determining the undrained shear strength of quaternary coastal cohesive soils. Based on the geotechnical engineering investigation of Binhai Port Industrial Park, Binhai County, Yancheng City, this paper uses regression analysis to establish the correlation between the undrained shear strength obtained by CPT and different laboratory tests. The research results show that the undrained shear strength of cohesive soil increases linearly with net cone resistance, and different theoretical cone coefficients are adopted. The theoretical cone coefficient range is between 13.25 and 22.93. Related Articles | Metrics

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Permeability and Permeability Modeling of Weathered Granitic Soils in Rongxian County HAN Xue, WANG Zhibing, YIN Liangkui, ZOU Yongsheng 2020, 34 (5):  629-631.  Abstract ( 498 )   Save Permeability affects the engineering geological characteristics and mechanical behavior of the soil. The permeability coefficient comprehensively reflects the difficulty of water flowing in the pores of the soil. It is not only a quantitative indicator representing the permeability of the soil, but also a necessary for the calculation of the infiltration. A basic parameter, it is quite difficult to theoretically estimate the permeability coefficient. Granite weathered soil is the rock debris that has been weathered and denuded in the original rock. It is classified into special soil according to the cause and is often used as the building bearing layer and roadbed filler. This paper studies the permeability of granite weathered soil in Rongxian County. The original soil sample and the compacted remolded soil sample were subjected to the permeability test and the mercury intrusion test. The permeability of the granite weathered soil in Rongxian County was studied, and the existing infiltration model was linked with the macroscopic parameters. The microscopic model and the mercury intrusion test were carried out. The data were combined to compare the applicability and reliability of infiltration models for Rongxian granite weathered soil, and an improved permeability coefficient estimation model was proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Monitoring and Application Effect of Vacuum Preloading Method for Hydraulic Reclaimed Lands LI Qian 2020, 34 (5):  633-638.  Abstract ( 309 )   Save Using vacuum preloading shallow drainage consolidation method was used to treat the reclaimed soils by hydraulic filling for an artificial land block in Xiamen. During the preloading process, the ground settlement, excess pore water pressure, groundwater level, lateral deformation on the survey points and the shear strength of the soft soil were tested and monitored. The effect of the preloading was presented by comparing the geotechnical parameters tested before and after the ground improvement. The results indicated that the vacuum preloading method can effectively improve the strength of hydraulic reclaimed land. The physical and mechanical parameters of soils after the treatment are significantly improved with an obvious increase of soil strength and bearing resistance. Related Articles | Metrics